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What are some of the best practices for baking lighting in Blender?

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Baking lighting in Blender is a technique that allows you to create realistic and efficient lighting effects for your game art. By pre-calculating the light and shadows on your objects and storing them as textures, you can save rendering time and improve performance. However, baking lighting also requires some planning and preparation to avoid common pitfalls and achieve the best results. In this article, we will share some of the best practices for baking lighting in Blender, from setting up your scene and materials to choosing the right settings and exporting your textures.

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Peter Stylianou

Oh for Pete’s sake, you need my help! ?? | Game Industry Design Swiss Army Knife ??? | Full-Stack Creative Strategist…
Hiren Solanki

AR/VR & Gaming 3D Modeling Artist | UX/UI | Metaverse | Snapchat Lens Creator | Video Editor

1 Prepare your scene

Prior to baking lighting, it is important to ensure your scene is optimized for the process. This involves cleaning up geometry and removing any unnecessary or overlapping faces, vertices, or objects. Additionally, you should apply any modifiers, transformations, or scaling to your objects, as these can affect the accuracy and consistency of the baking. Unwrapping your objects and assigning them a UV map with enough resolution and space for the baked textures is also necessary. You can use Blender's smart UV project or lightmap pack features to automate this step, or manually adjust the UV layout for more control. Lastly, create a new image for each object that will store the baked texture using Blender's image editor or an external program. Make sure that the image has the same dimensions and format as your final texture.

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Peter Stylianou

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1. Cleanliness is key: Remove unnecessary geometry, overlapping faces, and hidden objects that won't contribute to the bake. This avoids baking unnecessary shadows and artifacts. 2. UV unwrapping: Ensure your objects have clean and non-overlapping UV maps with sufficient resolution for baking details. Consider utilizing tools like Smart UV Project or Lightmap Pack for efficient unwrapping.

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Hiren Solanki

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Unwrapping your objects and assigning them a UV map with enough resolution and space for the baked textures is also necessary. Lastly, create a new image for each object that will store the baked texture using Blender's image editor or an external program.

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2 Set up your materials

To bake lighting in Blender, you need to use the Cycles render engine and the node-based material system. This allows you to create realistic and complex materials that can interact with the light sources in your scene. However, you must also take into account how your materials will appear after baking, as some features and effects may not be preserved or translated correctly. For instance, procedural textures should be avoided as they are generated dynamically and cannot be baked; instead, use image textures or solid colors for your base materials. Additionally, emission shaders will not emit light in the baked texture, so light objects or planes with emission materials should be used for light sources. Furthermore, transparent or translucent shaders will not show the correct refraction or transmission in the baked texture; thus, opaque or solid shaders should be used for objects. Finally, displacement or bump maps will not affect the geometry or the normals in the baked texture; consequently, normal maps or height maps should be used for details.

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Peter Stylianou

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1. Diffuse and Glossy Color: Assign these material nodes for baking the basic lighting information onto your textures. Consider adding Ambient Occlusion (AO) for subtle baked shadows in crevices. 2. Emission and Transparency: If your scene has glowing objects or transparent surfaces, set up separate bake passes for these features.

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Hiren Solanki

AR/VR & Gaming 3D Modeling Artist | UX/UI | Metaverse | Snapchat Lens Creator | Video Editor
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Set up your materials To bake lighting in Blender, you need to use the Cycles render engine and the node-based material system. Additionally, emission shaders will not emit light in the baked texture, so light objects or planes with emission materials should be used for light sources.

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3 Choose your bake type

Blender offers several options for baking different aspects of your lighting and materials. Depending on your needs and preferences, you can choose from Combined, Diffuse, Glossy, Transmission, Subsurface, or Ambient Occlusion bake types. Combined is the most common and versatile, as it combines all the lighting and material effects into one texture. Diffuse only includes the diffuse component of your lighting and materials, Glossy only includes the glossy component of your lighting and materials, Transmission only includes the transmission component of your lighting and materials, Subsurface only includes the subsurface component of your lighting and materials, and Ambient Occlusion only includes the ambient occlusion component of your lighting and materials. Each type is ideal for creating realistic or stylized textures that can be combined with other maps or effects in any game engine or platform.

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Peter Stylianou

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1. Combined: This bakes all selected passes (Diffuse, Glossy, AO, etc.) into a single texture, ideal for simple scenes or efficient workflow. 2. Direct/Indirect: Separates direct lighting from bounced light into different textures, giving you more control over lighting effects in complex scenes.

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Hiren Solanki

AR/VR & Gaming 3D Modeling Artist | UX/UI | Metaverse | Snapchat Lens Creator | Video Editor
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Diffuse only includes the diffuse component of your lighting and materials, Glossy only includes the glossy component of your lighting and materials, Transmission only includes the transmission component of your lighting and materials, Subsurface only includes the subsurface component of your lighting and materials, and Ambient Occlusion only includes the ambient occlusion component of your lighting and materials.

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4 Adjust your settings

Once you have chosen your bake type, you need to adjust some settings in the render properties panel, under the bake section, to fine-tune the quality and speed of your baking. Samples determine the number of rays cast per pixel to calculate lighting and material effects - higher samples mean smoother and more accurate textures, but also longer baking times and increased memory usage. Margin is the amount of pixels added to UV island edges to prevent seams and bleeding - higher margin values lead to smoother textures but reduce resolution, while lower margin values result in sharper textures with an increased risk of seams and bleeding. Additionally, you can use a cage object as a reference for baking lighting and materials from a high-poly object to a low-poly one. To do so, create a cage object that covers your low-poly object with the same UV map, select both objects and choose the selected to active option in the bake settings. You can also adjust the extrusion value to control how far the cage object extends beyond the low-poly object.

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Hiren Solanki

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Once you have chosen your bake type, you need to adjust some settings in the render properties panel, under the bake section, to fine-tune the quality and speed of your baking. To do so, create a cage object that covers your low-poly object with the same UV map, select both objects and choose the selected to active option in the bake settings.

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5 Export your textures

After baking your lighting and materials, you need to export your textures for use in a game engine or platform. To do this, you must save your images as files with the same name and extension as your final textures, using either Blender's image editor or an external program. Additionally, you should apply your textures to your objects in Blender's material system, making sure the textures are connected to the correct inputs and outputs according to bake type and game engine requirements. Finally, export your objects as files with the same name and extension as your final models, either through Blender's file browser or an external program. Following these best practices will enable you to create stunning and efficient textures for your game art while enhancing the realism and performance of your scenes and objects. However, experimentation is often necessary to determine the best settings and methods for a particular project or style.

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Hiren Solanki

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Additionally, you should apply your textures to your objects in Blender's material system, making sure the textures are connected to the correct inputs and outputs according to bake type and game engine requirements.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What are some of the best practices for baking lighting in Blender?

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1 Prepare your scene

2 Set up your materials

3 Choose your bake type

4 Adjust your settings

5 Export your textures

6 Here’s what else to consider

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