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What is a normalized database schema, and how can you design one for software development?

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A normalized database schema is a way of organizing the data in a relational database to avoid redundancy, inconsistency, and anomalies. It is based on a set of rules, called normal forms, that define how to decompose the tables and attributes of a database into smaller and simpler units. A normalized database schema can improve the performance, maintainability, and scalability of your software development projects. In this article, you will learn what are the benefits and challenges of normalization, how to apply the most common normal forms, and how to use tools and techniques to design a normalized database schema.

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Nadya Lozada Oliveros

Cloud Architect/Data Engineer | Oracle PL/SQL DBA

1 Benefits of normalization

Normalization can offer several advantages for software development projects, such as reducing storage space and memory usage, enhancing data integrity and consistency, simplifying queries and operations, and facilitating maintenance and modification. This is accomplished by eliminating duplicated data and unnecessary attributes, avoiding update, insert, and delete anomalies that can cause data loss or corruption, reducing the number of joins and conditions needed to access the data, and isolating the changes to specific tables and attributes.

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Alfredo Luis Torres Serrano

Full Stack .NET Senior Developer | Standard | Core | Webforms | Winforms | C# | VB | Sql | Visual Studio 2010-2022 | Git | Tfs | Jams | Powershell | 15+ experienced years | Problem solver | Fully Available
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Normalization is the process or rpocesses to eliminate data redundancy and enhance data integrity in one or more tables in one or more schemas. Normalization also helps to organize the data in the database so it can optimaise the sql server in terms of resources and helps the developers to have a more clear understanding of the data and its relation through the tables linked servers and related schemas. It is a multi-step process that sets the data into tabular form and removes the duplicated data from the relational tables

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2 Challenges of normalization

Normalization can present some challenges for your software development projects, such as increasing the complexity and overhead of your database design, potentially impacting performance and efficiency, compromising usability and readability, and introducing trade-offs between different normal forms. This means creating more tables and relationships that need to be defined and managed, requiring more joins and indexes to retrieve the data, making the data less intuitive for human understanding and analysis, and forcing you to balance the degree of normalization with the specific requirements of your project.

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Nadya Lozada Oliveros

Cloud Architect/Data Engineer | Oracle PL/SQL DBA
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? Reduced Data Redundancy: Normalization helps in eliminating duplicate data, ensuring that a piece of information is stored only once. This saves storage space and improves efficiency. ? Improved Data Integrity: By enforcing data consistency across the database, normalization helps in maintaining accurate and consistent data, which is crucial for reliable software applications. ? Easier Database Maintenance: DMLs are more straightforward because changes need to be made in only one place, reducing the potential for errors. ? Better Performance for Query Operations: In some scenarios, particularly when dealing with a large number of small transactions, a normalized database can offer faster query performance due to its optimized structure.

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3 Common normal forms

Normal forms are the rules that guide the normalization process, which is based on the concept of functional dependency. The most common normal forms are First normal form (1NF), Second normal form (2NF), and Third normal form (3NF). 1NF requires that each table has a primary key and each attribute contains only atomic values. 2NF requires that each table is in 1NF and each attribute that is not part of the primary key is fully dependent on the primary key. 3NF requires that each table is in 2NF and each attribute that is not part of the primary key is non-transitively dependent on the primary key.

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4 Tools and techniques

Designing a normalized database schema requires the use of various tools and techniques, such as Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams, normalization algorithms, and Database Management Systems (DBMS). ER diagrams are graphical representations of entities, attributes, and relationships with symbols and notations to indicate primary keys, foreign keys, cardinalities, and dependencies. Normalization algorithms are systematic procedures for applying normal forms to a database by identifying functional dependencies, decomposing tables, and removing redundancies and anomalies. DBMSs are software applications that allow you to create, manipulate, and query the database with languages like SQL or NoSQL. They also provide features and functions to support the normalization process such as data validation, integrity constraints, referential integrity, and normalization wizards.

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5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What is a normalized database schema, and how can you design one for software development?

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1 Benefits of normalization

2 Challenges of normalization

3 Common normal forms

4 Tools and techniques

5 Here’s what else to consider

System Development

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What is a normalized database schema, and how can you design one for software development?

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1 Benefits of normalization

2 Challenges of normalization

3 Common normal forms

4 Tools and techniques

5 Here’s what else to consider

System Development

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