What are the most effective ways to protect structures from blast and impact loading?

1 Material selection

One of the key factors in blast and impact resistance is the material properties of the structure. Materials that have high strength, ductility, toughness, and energy absorption can better withstand the dynamic and impulsive loads. Some examples of such materials are steel, concrete, fiber-reinforced composites, and laminated glass. These materials can also be combined or layered to create hybrid systems that offer enhanced performance.

2 Structural configuration

Structural configuration is an important aspect of blast and impact protection, which encompasses the shape, size, layout, and connections of structural elements. This configuration can influence the load distribution, deformation, and failure modes of the structure. To ensure effective protection, there are several strategies that can be employed, such as enhancing the redundancy and continuity of the system to avoid progressive collapse and provide alternate load paths. Curved or angled shapes can be used to deflect or dissipate blast or impact energy, while standoff distances or barriers can reduce exposure to the load. Additionally, sacrificial or detachable elements can be incorporated to absorb or release the energy.

3 Structural enhancement

Structural enhancement is the process of adding or modifying structural components or features to improve the blast and impact resistance of the structure. This can be applied to existing or new structures, depending on the design objectives and constraints. For instance, reinforcing or strengthening the structural elements with external or internal devices, such as steel plates, jackets, cables, or rods, can be used. Additionally, energy-dissipating devices, such as dampers, springs, or viscoelastic materials, can be installed to reduce the peak forces and vibrations. Moreover, protective coatings or membranes, such as polyurea, Kevlar, or carbon nanotubes can be applied to enhance the durability and integrity of the structural surface.

4 Structural monitoring

Structural monitoring is the practice of measuring and analyzing the structural performance and behavior under blast and impact loading. This practice can help to assess the damage, identify the vulnerabilities, and evaluate the safety and serviceability of the structure. Structural monitoring also provides valuable data and feedback for designing and retrofitting blast and impact resistant structures. To do this, engineers use sensors such as accelerometers, strain gauges, or pressure transducers to record the dynamic response of a structure. Non-destructive testing techniques such as ultrasonic testing, infrared thermography, or acoustic emission are employed to detect defects or cracks. Additionally, engineers use numerical modeling and simulation tools such as finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, or blast effects analysis to predict and analyze structural behavior and damage. By applying these methods, structures can be designed and retrofitted to resist blast and impact loading while protecting occupants and the environment from harm.

5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?