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What are the most effective ways to control open pit wall stability in mining projects?

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Open pit mining is a common method of extracting ore from the earth, but it also poses significant challenges for the stability of the surrounding slopes. The failure of pit walls can result in loss of production, damage to equipment, environmental impacts, and safety hazards. Therefore, it is essential to implement effective ways to control open pit wall stability in mining projects. In this article, you will learn about some of the key factors that affect pit wall stability and some of the best practices to prevent and mitigate slope failures.

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Peter Saunders

Principal Engineer and Managing Director at Digital Twin Geotechnical | RPEQ, MAusIMM(CP) | Former Head of Geotechnical…
Segun Falodun

Applied Geophysicist/Subsurface Engineer(Consultant) to oil and Gas Industry

1 Geotechnical data

One of the most important steps to control open pit wall stability is to collect and analyze geotechnical data from the site. Geotechnical data includes information about the rock types, structures, fractures, faults, stresses, groundwater, and weathering conditions of the pit area. Geotechnical data can help to design the optimal pit geometry, slope angles, bench heights, and berms that minimize the risk of instability. Geotechnical data can also help to identify potential failure modes, such as planar, wedge, circular, or toppling failures, and their triggers, such as rainfall, blasting, or excavation.

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Segun Falodun

Applied Geophysicist/Subsurface Engineer(Consultant) to oil and Gas Industry
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There are several effective ways to control open pit wall stability, including: 1. Slope Design: Utilize appropriate slope design techniques, such as benching, batter angles, and bench face angle optimization, to maintain stable pit walls. Factors such as rock strength, joint orientation, and water pressure should be considered in the design process. 2. Software Simulation of geotechnical behaviour of the pitwalls under various loading conditions. 3. Installation of Slope Support: slope support systems, such as rock bolts, mesh, shotcrete geotextiles, to the pit wall. 4. Management and Control of water infiltration and pore water pressure of the pit rock mass of the pitwalls.

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2 Monitoring systems

Another essential way to control open pit wall stability is to install and maintain monitoring systems that can detect and measure any changes in the slope conditions. Monitoring systems can include various instruments, such as extensometers, inclinometers, piezometers, lasers, radars, cameras, and drones, that can provide real-time or periodic data on the displacement, deformation, stress, water pressure, and vibration of the pit walls. Monitoring systems can help to assess the performance of the slope design, identify any signs of instability, and provide early warning signals for potential failures.

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Peter Saunders

Principal Engineer and Managing Director at Digital Twin Geotechnical | RPEQ, MAusIMM(CP) | Former Head of Geotechnical at GroundProbe
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The most precise, effective and reliable real-time monitoring system for steep open cut mine slopes in an active mining environment is a 3D real aperture radar.

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3 Stabilization methods

A third way to control open pit wall stability is to apply stabilization methods that can enhance the strength and cohesion of the slope materials. Stabilization methods can include various techniques, such as rock bolting, shotcrete, meshing, anchoring, grouting, drainage, and revegetation, that can reduce the stress, tension, or water pressure on the pit walls. Stabilization methods can help to prevent or delay the onset of failure, limit the extent of failure, and protect the slope from erosion or weathering.

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Peter Saunders

Principal Engineer and Managing Director at Digital Twin Geotechnical | RPEQ, MAusIMM(CP) | Former Head of Geotechnical at GroundProbe
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Even a very small amount of confining material (broken, blasted rock) can be enough to maintain stability when a slope is at or near the point of limiting equilibrium.

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4 Risk management

A fourth way to control open pit wall stability is to implement risk management strategies that can reduce the consequences of failure. Risk management strategies can include various measures, such as contingency plans, emergency procedures, evacuation routes, communication systems, safety barriers, and equipment relocation, that can minimize the exposure and vulnerability of workers, infrastructure, and environment to slope failures. Risk management strategies can help to respond quickly and effectively to any incidents, mitigate the impacts of failure, and restore the normal operations.

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Peter Saunders

Principal Engineer and Managing Director at Digital Twin Geotechnical | RPEQ, MAusIMM(CP) | Former Head of Geotechnical at GroundProbe
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An effective TARP is critical. TARP's should be considered active operational tools and not be overly complicated. Nobody has time to read a book during an emergency. Everyone who is referred to action in a TARP must be familiar with the triggers and what their appropriate response should be. TARP triggers for slope stability should be based on rate of change/velocity/trend, rather than magnitude of displacement.

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Segun Falodun

Applied Geophysicist/Subsurface Engineer(Consultant) to oil and Gas Industry
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Risk Assessment and Management: Conduct regular risk assessments to identify potential hazards and develop appropriate risk management strategies. This may involve establishing safe working zones, implementing access restrictions, and developing emergency response plans.

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5 Continuous improvement

A fifth way to control open pit wall stability is to adopt a continuous improvement approach that can enhance the knowledge and practice of slope stability. Continuous improvement approach can include various activities, such as data review, performance evaluation, feedback collection, lessons learned, best practices sharing, and training and education, that can improve the quality and reliability of the geotechnical data, monitoring systems, stabilization methods, and risk management strategies. Continuous improvement approach can help to identify and address any gaps, errors, or weaknesses in the slope stability control, and to adapt to any changes or challenges in the pit conditions.

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Segun Falodun

Applied Geophysicist/Subsurface Engineer(Consultant) to oil and Gas Industry
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1. Monitoring Systems: Implement a comprehensive monitoring system to continuously assess the stability of pit walls. This may include the use of ground-based radar, laser scanning, etc. 2. Employee Training: Provide comprehensive training to mining personnel regarding geotechnical hazards, safe working practices, and the importance of adhering to established safety protocols.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Segun Falodun

Applied Geophysicist/Subsurface Engineer(Consultant) to oil and Gas Industry
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By integrating these approaches, mining operations can effectively control open pit wall stability and mitigate the risks associated with unstable slopes. It's important to note that open pit wall stability management is an ongoing process that requires regular evaluation and adaptation based on changing geological conditions and operational requirements.

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What are the most effective ways to control open pit wall stability in mining projects?

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1 Geotechnical data

2 Monitoring systems

3 Stabilization methods

4 Risk management

5 Continuous improvement

6 Here’s what else to consider

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