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What are the most common techniques for MPLS label popping?

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MPLS, or Multiprotocol Label Switching, is a widely used technique for routing and forwarding packets in telecommunications networks. It uses labels, or short identifiers, to assign packets to different paths and services, without relying on the network layer addresses. However, labels are not needed at the final destination of a packet, so they have to be removed or popped before delivery. This process is called MPLS label popping, and it can be done in different ways depending on the network configuration and the desired outcome. In this article, you will learn about the most common techniques for MPLS label popping and their advantages and disadvantages.

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1 Implicit Null Label

One technique for MPLS label popping is to use an implicit null label, which is a special label value that indicates that the packet should be forwarded without a label. This means that the penultimate hop router, or the router before the final destination, will pop the label and send the packet to the egress router, or the router that delivers the packet to the destination network. The egress router will then process the packet based on its network layer header, such as IP. The advantage of this technique is that it simplifies the label stack and reduces the overhead of processing labels at the egress router. The disadvantage is that it may prevent some features that require a label at the egress router, such as traffic engineering or VPNs.

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Omogbai Martins

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? Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP): The router just before the egress router (penultimate hop) pops the MPLS label before forwarding the packet to the destination. ? Explicit Popping: MPLS labels are explicitly popped at a predetermined point in the network, typically specified in the network configuration. ? Bottom-of-Stack (BoS) Popping: The MPLS label at the bottom of the stack is popped when a labeled packet is processed.

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2 Explicit Null Label

Another technique for MPLS label popping is to use an explicit null label, which is another special label value that indicates that the packet should be forwarded with a label, but the label should be ignored by the egress router. This means that the penultimate hop router will swap the original label with an explicit null label and send the packet to the egress router. The egress router will then pop the label and process the packet based on its network layer header. The advantage of this technique is that it preserves some features that require a label at the egress router, such as QoS or entropy labels. The disadvantage is that it adds an extra label to the label stack and increases the overhead of processing labels at the penultimate hop router.

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3 PHP or Penultimate Hop Popping

A third technique for MPLS label popping is to use PHP or penultimate hop popping, which is a configuration option that allows the egress router to inform the penultimate hop router that it does not need a label for a certain destination. This means that the penultimate hop router will pop the label and send the packet to the egress router without a label. The egress router will then process the packet based on its network layer header. The advantage of this technique is that it avoids the use of null labels and reduces the overhead of processing labels at both routers. The disadvantage is that it requires signaling between the routers and may not support some features that require a label at the egress router.

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4 Ultimate Hop Popping

A fourth technique for MPLS label popping is to use ultimate hop popping, which is a configuration option that allows the egress router to pop the label itself and process the packet based on its network layer header. This means that the penultimate hop router will send the packet to the egress router with the original label. The egress router will then pop the label and process the packet based on its network layer header. The advantage of this technique is that it gives the egress router full control over the label popping and the packet processing. The disadvantage is that it increases the overhead of processing labels at the egress router and may cause delays or congestion.

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5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What are the most common techniques for MPLS label popping?

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3

4

5

1 Implicit Null Label

2 Explicit Null Label

3 PHP or Penultimate Hop Popping

4 Ultimate Hop Popping

5 Here’s what else to consider

Telecommunications Engineering

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What are the most common techniques for MPLS label popping?

1

2

3

4

5

1 Implicit Null Label

2 Explicit Null Label

3 PHP or Penultimate Hop Popping

4 Ultimate Hop Popping

5 Here’s what else to consider

Telecommunications Engineering

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