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What are the most common design methodologies for analog electronic circuits?

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Analog electronic circuits are the backbone of many applications, such as audio, radio, sensors, and power management. They process analog signals, such as voltage, current, or frequency, and perform functions like amplification, filtering, modulation, or conversion. Designing analog circuits requires a combination of theoretical knowledge, practical skills, and creativity. In this article, you will learn about the most common design methodologies for analog electronic circuits and how they can help you achieve your goals.

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1 Top-down approach

The top-down approach is a design methodology that starts with defining the specifications and requirements of the system or subsystem, and then breaks them down into smaller and simpler components. The components are designed and verified individually, and then integrated and tested as a whole. This approach allows you to focus on the overall functionality and performance of the system, and to reuse existing components or modules. However, it also requires a clear and detailed specification, and a good understanding of the interactions and trade-offs between the components.

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David Sheets

Principal Systems Engineer
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The first "top down" consideration is the developing size, weight, and power budgets. Next is developing interface requirements. These need to be nailed down before detailed design begins, otherwise you risk going to the systems engineer with a perfect circuit that gets too hot, occupies too much real estate, and does not interface with the upstream and downstream circuits.

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2 Bottom-up approach

The bottom-up approach is a design methodology that starts with designing the basic building blocks or elements of the system or subsystem, and then combines them into larger and more complex structures. The elements are designed and verified based on their intrinsic properties and characteristics, and then optimized and adjusted to meet the system requirements. This approach allows you to explore different possibilities and solutions, and to leverage your expertise and intuition. However, it also requires a lot of iterations and revisions, and a careful evaluation of the system behavior and performance.

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David Sheets

Principal Systems Engineer
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The first "bottom up" consideration is the function the circuit implements. When you are thinking "bottom up" is it because size, weight, power, and even interface requirements are negotiable or flat out don't exist. When your circuit is an island then the focus should be on the optimal implementation of functionality. This way you will actually drive the definition of the interface and SWaP requirements. Which makes those requirements very easy to meet.

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3 Mixed-signal approach

The mixed-signal approach is a design methodology that deals with systems or subsystems that contain both analog and digital circuits. The analog circuits process the analog signals, while the digital circuits control the logic and communication. The mixed-signal approach requires a careful integration and coordination of the analog and digital parts, and a balance between the advantages and disadvantages of each domain. For example, analog circuits can offer higher precision and speed, but also consume more power and area. Digital circuits can offer more flexibility and functionality, but also introduce noise and interference.

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David Sheets

Principal Systems Engineer
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Mixed-signal design can either mean two separate functions located close enough that digital noise will impact the analog circuit, or it can mean a single function has an analog and digital component. In both cases noise is your chief design consideration, which comes down to how current return paths are routed. Generally speaking digital return path should never cross under analog circuitry. A conventional approach is to separate ground planes, but is a signal has to cross over ground planes that are not continuous then that discontinuity becomes an EMI radiator. An easy approach is to tie grounds through 0 ohm resistors or tie-bars. Also consider the slew rate of any digital signal - the faster the rising edge, the more noise generated.

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4 Simulation-based approach

The simulation-based approach is a design methodology that relies on using software tools to model, analyze, and verify the behavior and performance of the system or subsystem. The simulation-based approach can help you to test different scenarios and conditions, to identify and correct errors and faults, and to optimize and improve the design. However, it also requires a lot of time and resources, and a realistic and accurate representation of the system and the environment. Moreover, simulation cannot replace the actual measurement and validation of the physical prototype.

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David Sheets

Principal Systems Engineer
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Simulation is never a substitute for prototyping. Develop your simulation in parallel with breadboarding your prototype, unless supply chain issues prevent that. Then simulation is a good way to vet your schematic until parts arrive.

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5 Prototyping-based approach

The prototyping-based approach is a design methodology that involves building and testing a physical model or prototype of the system or subsystem. The prototyping-based approach can help you to validate and refine the design, to evaluate the feasibility and reliability, and to demonstrate the functionality and performance. However, it also requires a lot of materials and equipment, and a careful selection and implementation of the components and the layout. Furthermore, prototyping cannot guarantee the scalability and reproducibility of the final product.

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David Sheets

Principal Systems Engineer
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Prototyping is key to circuit design, and it is easier in analog than digital because usually digital design requires FPGA or software. This does not have to be the case but it is rare for designers to implement complex digital circuits using discrete flip-flops and logic gates. The unfortunate truth is that prototyping an FPGA design is more complex and more involved than implementing an analog design. Lean into the advantages of analog design and get into the lab as early as possible. There is a counter argument that prototyping is better because the designer is not constrained by inventory or supply chain issues. The flaw is that unless a part model is based on characterization of that part, a part model is simply circuit theory.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What are the most common design methodologies for analog electronic circuits?

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3

4

5

6

1 Top-down approach

2 Bottom-up approach

3 Mixed-signal approach

4 Simulation-based approach

5 Prototyping-based approach

6 Here’s what else to consider

Engineering Management

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What are the most common design methodologies for analog electronic circuits?

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 Top-down approach

2 Bottom-up approach

3 Mixed-signal approach

4 Simulation-based approach

5 Prototyping-based approach

6 Here’s what else to consider

Engineering Management

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