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What are the key metrics to evaluate energy efficiency of your building?

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Energy efficiency is not only a way to save money and reduce environmental impact, but also a key factor for improving the performance, comfort and value of your building. However, measuring and comparing energy efficiency can be challenging, as there are many variables and metrics involved. In this article, you will learn about some of the most common and useful metrics to evaluate energy efficiency of your building, and how to apply them in your context.

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Vignesh Ayyathurai

Building & Energy Engineer | Master’s Thesis at AFRY | Driving Sustainable Indoor Climate & Energy-Efficient District…
Shakir Shakoor K.

Energy Engineer | Energy Management | Sustainability | CEM? | MSME (Georgia Tech) | Fulbright Alumnus

1 Energy use intensity

Energy use intensity (EUI) is a simple and widely used metric that expresses the annual energy consumption of a building per unit of floor area. It is usually measured in kilowatt-hours per square meter (kWh/m2) or British thermal units per square foot (Btu/ft2). EUI allows you to compare the energy performance of different buildings of the same type and function, such as offices, schools or hospitals. However, EUI does not account for factors such as occupancy, weather, equipment or operational hours, which can affect the actual energy demand of a building.

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Shakir Shakoor K.

Energy Engineer | Energy Management | Sustainability | CEM? | MSME (Georgia Tech) | Fulbright Alumnus
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Energy use intensity covers all the areas which consume energy in the entire building facility, however, it cannot tell which area of the facility is affecting energy efficiency (lighting, HVAC, etc.). Defining the EUI on individual system level can help identify the inefficiencies in the system or variations based on weather changes/occupancy.

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2 Energy performance index

Energy performance index (EPI) is a more comprehensive and dynamic metric that compares the actual energy consumption of a building to a benchmark or reference value, based on its characteristics and location. It is usually expressed as a percentage, where 100% means that the building meets the benchmark, and lower or higher values indicate better or worse performance. EPI can help you identify the potential for energy savings and improvements, as well as track the progress and impact of your energy management actions. However, EPI requires more data and analysis than EUI, and the choice of the benchmark can affect the results.

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L PATTABHI REDDY

Director
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Being an Energy professional in building industry the EPI date is most important to analyse building efficiency. Most of the nation's are not serious in energy efficiency and energy conservation. In every world forums thease two things not addressed in comparison with renewable energy. Many countries are having policies in place but implementation is negligible. Not focussed in recently concluded CoP28 about energy efficiency and energy conservation.

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Lincy J.

Environmental Design Engineer | MSc in Net Zero Building Services | Decarbonization & Sustainability Advocate | Dynamic Simulation Modelling | Building Physics Expert | ASHRAE & CIBSE Member
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A study by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation examined energy consumption in 836 households within a composite climate. It found that the average EPI ranged from 45-50 kWh/m2/year. Households with more than 2 AC's or 4 occupants had EPIs over 80 kWh/m2/year. Top-floor homes exhibited 10-15% higher EPIs due to increased cooling needs. AC was identified as the largest electricity consumer, with EPIs per AC ranging from 10-40 kWh/m2/year. The study concluded that lifestyle and occupancy, not orientation, largely govern energy performance, with EPI per occupant averaging 15 kWh/m2/year. This is the range into which nearly 75% of EPIs per capita fall (Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation , 2010).

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3 Energy star score

Energy star score is a rating system developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that assigns a score from 1 to 100 to a building, based on its EPI and other factors. The score reflects how well the building performs compared to similar buildings across the US, where 50 is the median and 75 or higher is considered energy efficient. Energy star score can help you benchmark your building against national standards, and qualify for recognition and certification programs. However, energy star score is only available for certain types of buildings and regions, and may not reflect the specific conditions and goals of your building.

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4 Net zero energy

Net zero energy (NZE) is an aspirational and ambitious metric that indicates that a building produces as much renewable energy as it consumes over a year, resulting in zero net emissions. NZE is a holistic and long-term approach that requires optimizing the energy efficiency and performance of the building, as well as integrating renewable energy sources and storage systems. NZE can help you achieve the highest level of sustainability and resilience for your building, and demonstrate your leadership and commitment to the environment. However, NZE is not easy to achieve or verify, and may involve high upfront costs and technical challenges.

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5 Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method that evaluates the environmental impact of a building throughout its life cycle, from the extraction of materials to the disposal of waste. LCA considers various indicators, such as energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, water use, waste generation and land use. LCA can help you assess the trade-offs and synergies between different aspects of energy efficiency and sustainability, and optimize the design and operation of your building. However, LCA is a complex and data-intensive process that requires specialized tools and expertise, and may not capture all the social and economic impacts of a building.

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Brian McCalla PE CPE CEM CDSM CEP

Traveled Engineering Professional, Manager, and Educator
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An LCA must also contemplate financial time value of money impacts. A system that lasts longer can be amortized over a longer term and can defer the need for capital asset renewal further into the future...thereby leveraging the initial investment and time horizon for the realized cost benefits of an energy efficiency strategy. This must, however, be balanced by the expected improvements to the energy efficiency characteristics of assets. Had incandescent lightbulbs been able to last for 100,000 hours before replacement, the adoption of LED lighting would have been delayed, thus negatively offsetting any benefit from the reduced amortized capital cost of the original lightbulbs due to their long lives. Consider the opex/capex ratio.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Vignesh Ayyathurai

Building & Energy Engineer | Master’s Thesis at AFRY | Driving Sustainable Indoor Climate & Energy-Efficient District Heating Solutions | Seeking Full-Time Role in Energy & Built Environment
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Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ): Exploring the relationship between energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality. Balancing energy efficiency measures with considerations for occupant comfort and well-being.

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What are the key metrics to evaluate energy efficiency of your building?

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1 Energy use intensity

2 Energy performance index

3 Energy star score

4 Net zero energy

5 Life cycle assessment

6 Here’s what else to consider

Energy Management

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