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What is the history of SCORM and how has it evolved over time?

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If you are involved in e-learning, you have probably heard of SCORM, the set of standards and specifications that enable interoperability and compatibility among different learning platforms and content. But do you know how SCORM came to be and how it has changed over the years? In this article, we will explore the history of SCORM and how it has evolved over time, from its origins in the military to its current and future versions.

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Ts. Dr Enna Ayub

Director, Digital Learning Experience @ Taylor's Digital
Erik Wiedenmann

Learning @ bdg | better decisions group

1 The origins of SCORM

SCORM stands for Sharable Content Object Reference Model, and it was first developed in the late 1990s by the US Department of Defense (DoD) as part of the Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) initiative. The DoD wanted to create a common framework for delivering, tracking, and managing online training across different systems and devices, and to reuse and share content objects among different courses and providers. To achieve this, they adopted and integrated existing standards and specifications from other organizations, such as the Aviation Industry Computer-Based Training Committee (AICC), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and the IMS Global Learning Consortium.

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Shyam Narayanan

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In 2016, ADL developed new set of data models for SCORM called cmi5. It was designed to be extensible and easier to use than SCORM 2004 data models. Unlike SCORM that requires all the contents hosted in the same domain, cmi5 allows to import course structures onto the LMS while the material may be hosted elsewhere.

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2 The evolution of SCORM

Since its inception, SCORM has gone through several versions and revisions, each adding new features and functionalities to improve the quality and efficiency of e-learning. The first version, SCORM 1.0, was released in 2000 and was mainly a reference model that described the components and requirements of SCORM. The second version, SCORM 1.1, was released in 2001 and introduced the concept of content aggregation, which allowed the creation of reusable and modular learning units. The third version, SCORM 1.2, was released in 2001 and added more specifications and guidelines for content packaging, metadata, sequencing, and communication. SCORM 1.2 is still widely used today and is considered the most stable and reliable version of SCORM.

The fourth and most recent version, SCORM 2004, was released in 2004 and introduced significant changes and enhancements to the previous versions. SCORM 2004 consists of four editions, each building on the previous one. The first edition, SCORM 2004 1st Edition, added more flexibility and control over the navigation and sequencing of learning activities. The second edition, SCORM 2004 2nd Edition, improved the interoperability and conformance testing of SCORM products. The third edition, SCORM 2004 3rd Edition, added more support for data model elements, objectives, and prerequisites. The fourth edition, SCORM 2004 4th Edition, added more options for content delivery and tracking, such as completion thresholds, scaled scores, and rollup rules.

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3 The benefits of SCORM

SCORM offers many advantages to both e-learning developers and learners. It enables the reuse and repurposing of learning content across different platforms and courses, which cuts down on costs and time spent on development and maintenance. Additionally, it ensures the compatibility and interoperability of learning content and systems, increasing the accessibility of e-learning opportunities. SCORM also provides a standardized way of delivering, tracking, and managing learning outcomes, thereby boosting the quality and effectiveness of e-learning. Furthermore, it supports the customization and personalization of learning experiences, promoting learner engagement and motivation.

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4 The challenges of SCORM

SCORM has some challenges and limitations that need to be addressed and overcome. These include its complexity and technicality, which require a high level of expertise and resources to implement and use. Additionally, SCORM is not fully compatible with all types of learning content and activities, especially those that involve multimedia, interactivity, collaboration, and social media. Moreover, it is not updated frequently, making it difficult to keep up with the changing needs and expectations of e-learning users and providers. Furthermore, SCORM is not universally adopted or supported, leading to compatibility and interoperability issues among different platforms and systems.

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5 The future of SCORM

SCORM is not the only standard or specification for e-learning, and it faces competition and challenges from other emerging and existing alternatives, such as the Experience API (xAPI), the Common Cartridge (CC), and the Learning Tools Interoperability (LTI). These alternatives offer more flexibility, functionality, and compatibility for different types of learning content and activities, such as mobile learning, gamified learning, and adaptive learning. However, SCORM is still widely used and recognized as the de facto standard for e-learning, and it has a strong and loyal user base and community. The future of SCORM depends on how well it can adapt and evolve to meet the changing demands and trends of e-learning, and how well it can collaborate and integrate with other standards and specifications.

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Ts. Dr Enna Ayub

Director, Digital Learning Experience @ Taylor's Digital
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While SCORM or the latest version xAPI can still be a useful interactive tool for eLearning, there are so many other interactive tools available now which can easily be plugged into the LMS, which makes creating eActivities effortlessly for the educator.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Erik Wiedenmann

Learning @ bdg | better decisions group
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I wonder how long SCORM will still be around ?? The standard was developed in 2000, just before the first iPod was released in 2001 ???? Consider the changes the music industry underwent since then. And yet my LMS is asking me to upload a ZIP file of a SCORM lesson...? ?? Yes, the e-learning industry made leaps during COVID but it is still lagging, relative to other industries. In fact, many content providers like Udemy no longer support SCORM: "[it] is an interoperability standard for self-paced training (i.e. learning alone). Our platform is an organizational learning system that focuses on bringing people together to learn in a cohort-based environment" @e-Learning industry: No more SCORM, please! ??

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What is the history of SCORM and how has it evolved over time?

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2

3

4

5

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1 The origins of SCORM

2 The evolution of SCORM

3 The benefits of SCORM

4 The challenges of SCORM

5 The future of SCORM

6 Here’s what else to consider

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What is the history of SCORM and how has it evolved over time?

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 The origins of SCORM

2 The evolution of SCORM

3 The benefits of SCORM

4 The challenges of SCORM

5 The future of SCORM

6 Here’s what else to consider

Educational Technology

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