What are the environmental and economic benefits of CO2 sequestration in brine reservoirs?

CO2 sequestration in peridotite formations, which converts CO2 into solid materials, offers a safer and more secure alternative to sequestration in brine reservoirs. This method provides long-term stability and a lower risk of CO2 leakage. The energy for this process needs to come from renewable sources. For energy generation we do not need sequestration, the focus must remain on transitioning to renewable energy sources, reducing the need for CO2 sequestration. The focus should be to have CO2 sequestration for unavoidable process emissions as with for the process emissions from cement manufacturing.

These brine reservoirs extend over very large areas across the North sea, Irish Sea and into to ukcs to the west of Shetlands, 10's or 100's of kilometres.

CO2 sequestration in brine reservoirs offers significant environmental and economic benefits. Environmentally, it helps combat climate change by reducing atmospheric CO2 levels. Economically, it can create new revenue streams through enhanced oil recovery or valuable mineral extraction. However, the process is slow and depends on various factors. Despite long-term monitoring challenges, this method represents a promising approach in the global effort to fight climate change and transition to a low-carbon economy.

CO2 sequestration in brine reservoirs is a process where captured CO2 is injected into deep saline aquifers for long-term storage, helping to mitigate climate change. The main benefit is its potential for large-scale carbon storage, reducing atmospheric CO2 levels. However, challenges include potential CO2/brine leakage through wells or faults, which could affect groundwater or surface environments. The process involves complex interactions between injected CO2, brine, and rock formations, altering natural hydro-mechanical properties. Applications of this technology are being researched for various geological settings, with ongoing studies focusing on optimizing storage efficiency and safety.

This paragraph is largely propaganda. The Earth is currently in a CO2 drought. Plant life evolved when it was 3x higher. The thermal properties of CO2 diminish with concentration, so increases now do almost nothing. And the oceans are still basic, not acidic, and buffered by an incomprehensible amount of limestone rock.

CO2 sequestration in brine reservoirs offers crucial environmental advantages. This method effectively mitigates climate change by significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions, as it removes CO2 from the atmosphere and stores it underground. It minimizes land use impacts by utilizing existing deep saline aquifers. The process enhances storage security, as CO2 becomes denser when dissolved in brine, reducing leakage risks. Overall, this technology presents a promising solution for long-term carbon storage and climate change mitigation.

In my expert opinion, CO2 sequestration is not the same economic or technical analog as CO2 injection into oil reservoirs for repressurization, improved oil mobility and increased oil recovery. The CO2 will be reproduced with the oil, retreated and reinjected again to the economy limits of the EOR project. This is very different to CO2 sequestration in brine reservoirs which is for the permanent entrapment of the CO2 in subsurface, saline reservoirs.

CO2 sequestration in brine reservoirs offers multiple economic advantages. It creates new revenue streams through enhanced oil recovery in mature fields. The large storage capacity of saline aquifers provides a cost-effective solution for long-term carbon storage. Additionally, the process can generate geothermal energy from hot brines, offsetting costs. These benefits, combined with potential carbon credits, make it an economically attractive option for industries aiming to reduce their carbon footprint while maintaining financial viability.

? Confidence in seal integrity ? Accurate assessment of plume footprint ? CO2 Injection well design and optimization ? Assess and mitigate risks to groundwater from CO2 and brine leakage ? Contingency plans for unanticipated leakage

An important parameter in the choice of a potential sequestration candidate is the total pore volume of the brine reservoir, compared to the volume of CO2 that is planned to be sequestered. Three geomechanical properties of the proposed reservoir must be reasonably well understood——virgin pore pressure gradient, virgin closure pressure gradient, and virgin fracture gradient, prior to injection. As injection progresses, the far-field values for these 3 parameters will begin to converge with each other——and the only factor that will prevent leakage or breakout is if the total reservoir pore volume is much, larger than the in-situ volume of sequestered CO2. Bottom line: very large, high porosity brine reservoirs will be required.

CO2 sequestration in brine reservoirs faces significant challenges and risks. The primary concerns include potential leakage of CO2 and brine, which could contaminate groundwater or reach the surface. Complex chemical interactions between CO2, brine, and rock can alter reservoir properties, affecting storage stability and efficiency. Reservoir heterogeneity complicates project engineering and optimization. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive site-specific assessments, advanced monitoring techniques, and robust risk management strategies to ensure safe and effective long-term carbon storage.

Some key challenges for sequestration of CO2 in brine reservoirs: - Dynamic regulatory landscape, pore volume ownership and right-to-inject are un-legislated in many jurisdictions - Lack of information. Few wells are drilled to brine reservoir depths (often below oil and gas producing depths). Wells are a critical source of information about the subsurface. - Revenue uncertainty. As CO2 is generally considered a waste stream, revenue comes from carbon credits or other government incentives. Politics increase risk and revenue uncertainty. One method of decreasing commercial risk is through providing carbon price assurance through financial instruments like contracts for difference.