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What is the difference between assembly language and machine code?

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If you are interested in computer hardware, you may have heard of assembly language and machine code. But what are they and how do they differ? In this article, you will learn the basics of these two low-level programming languages and how they relate to the processor instruction sets and assembly language.

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1 Machine code

Machine code is the most fundamental language that a computer can understand. It consists of binary digits (0s and 1s) that represent the operations and data that the processor can execute. For example, a machine code instruction may look like this: 10110000 01100001 . This means "move the value 97 to the accumulator register". Machine code is specific to each processor architecture and is very hard to read and write by humans.

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Krunal Dabhi

Technical Project Manager - Efficiently and successfully leading multi-million dollar infrastructure
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Machine Code: Interpreted by the CPU: Machine code comprises the fundamental binary instructions that the central processing unit (CPU) can interpret and execute directly. It is composed of sequences of 0s and 1s, each representing specific operations for the CPU to carry out. Incomprehensible to humans: Because it is in binary form, machine code is inherently incomprehensible to humans without specialized tools and a deep understanding of the particular CPU architecture. Architecture-dependent: Instructions in machine code are tailored to the nuances of each CPU architecture or family. Consequently, code intended for one processor type cannot be executed on another.

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2 Assembly language

Assembly language is a human-readable representation of machine code. It uses mnemonics, symbols, and labels to describe the instructions and data that the processor can execute. For example, an assembly language instruction may look like this: MOV A, 61h . This means the same thing as the machine code instruction above, but it is easier to understand and remember. Assembly language is also specific to each processor architecture and requires an assembler to convert it to machine code.

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Krunal Dabhi

Technical Project Manager - Efficiently and successfully leading multi-million dollar infrastructure
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Assembly language serves as a human-readable representation of machine code instructions. It employs mnemonics, which are brief, easy-to-recall abbreviations, to depict both machine code operations and operands. More comprehensible to humans: Assembly language is notably more understandable to humans in comparison to raw machine code, thanks to its mnemonic representation. This facilitates the development of code that is clearer and more manageable for programmers. Requires translation: Before the CPU can execute assembly language code, it must undergo translation into machine code via a program known as an assembler.

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3 Instruction sets

An instruction set is a set of machine code instructions that a processor can execute. It defines the format, syntax, and semantics of the machine code. Different processors have different instruction sets, depending on their design, features, and performance. For example, Intel and AMD processors use the x86 instruction set, while ARM processors use the ARM instruction set. Instruction sets can also have extensions or variations that add or modify some instructions.

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4 Assembly language syntax

The syntax of assembly language is the way that the instructions and data are written and organized. It depends on the instruction set and the assembler that is used to convert it to machine code. Different assemblers may have different rules and conventions for writing assembly language. For example, some assemblers use commas to separate operands, while others use spaces. Some assemblers use prefixes or suffixes to indicate the size or type of the operands, while others use different mnemonics.

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5 Assembly language semantics

The semantics of assembly language is the meaning and effect of the instructions and data. It depends on the instruction set and the processor that executes them. Different instruction sets may have different semantics for the same or similar instructions. For example, some instruction sets may have instructions that perform arithmetic operations with or without affecting the flags register, while others may not. Some instruction sets may have instructions that can access memory directly, while others may require registers or pointers.

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6 Assembly language advantages and disadvantages

Assembly language has some advantages and disadvantages when compared to machine code and higher-level programming languages. For instance, it allows more control and optimization of the processor and memory usage, as well as access to low-level features and functions of the processor and hardware, potentially making it faster and more efficient than higher-level languages. However, it is also more difficult to learn, write, debug, and maintain than higher-level languages, not portable across different processor architectures and platforms, and more prone to errors and security vulnerabilities.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What is the difference between assembly language and machine code?

1

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3

4

5

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1 Machine code

2 Assembly language

3 Instruction sets

4 Assembly language syntax

5 Assembly language semantics

6 Assembly language advantages and disadvantages

7 Here’s what else to consider

Computer Hardware

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What is the difference between assembly language and machine code?

1

2

3

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5

6

7

1 Machine code

2 Assembly language

3 Instruction sets

4 Assembly language syntax

5 Assembly language semantics

6 Assembly language advantages and disadvantages

7 Here’s what else to consider

Computer Hardware

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