What are the best ways to integrate sequence stratigraphy with seismic interpretation?

1 Define the objectives

Before starting the integration, it is important to define the objectives and scope of the project. What are the main questions or problems that need to be addressed? What are the available data and resources? What are the limitations and uncertainties? Depending on the objectives, the integration can be done at different scales and levels of detail. For example, if the goal is to evaluate the regional tectonic and depositional history of a basin, the integration can focus on the identification and correlation of major sequence boundaries and systems tracts across large areas. If the goal is to assess the reservoir potential and heterogeneity of a specific field, the integration can focus on the characterization and mapping of individual facies and parasequences within a sequence.

2 Review the data quality and coverage

The next step is to review the quality and coverage of the seismic and well data that will be used for the integration. The quality of the seismic data depends on factors such as acquisition parameters, processing techniques, resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and amplitude preservation. The quality of the well data depends on factors such as sampling interval, logging methods, core analysis, and biostratigraphy. The coverage of the data refers to the spatial and temporal distribution and density of the seismic lines and well locations. The data quality and coverage affect the reliability and accuracy of the integration, as well as the level of detail and confidence that can be achieved. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the data, and to identify any gaps or inconsistencies that need to be addressed or mitigated.

3 Establish the sequence stratigraphic framework

The third step is to establish the sequence stratigraphic framework for the area of interest, based on the available well data. The sequence stratigraphic framework consists of defining and correlating the sequence boundaries, maximum flooding surfaces, systems tracts, and parasequences that represent the different stages and cycles of relative sea level change and sedimentation. The sequence stratigraphic framework can be constructed using a combination of methods, such as lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, cyclostratigraphy, and chronostratigraphy. The sequence stratigraphic framework provides the basis for understanding the depositional environment, facies distribution, and reservoir architecture of the sedimentary basin.

4 Calibrate the seismic data with the well data

The fourth step is to calibrate the seismic data with the well data, using techniques such as synthetic seismograms, seismic inversion, seismic attribute analysis, and seismic facies analysis. The calibration aims to establish the relationship between the seismic response and the rock properties, such as lithology, porosity, fluid content, and thickness. The calibration also helps to identify and interpret the seismic signatures and patterns that correspond to the sequence stratigraphic framework, such as reflections, discontinuities, terminations, geometries, and amplitude variations. The calibration enables the geologist to translate the well-based sequence stratigraphic framework to the seismic data, and to extrapolate it beyond the well control.

5 Map the sequence stratigraphic elements on the seismic data

The fifth step is to map the sequence stratigraphic elements on the seismic data, using techniques such as horizon picking, isochore mapping, seismic slicing, and seismic volume rendering. The mapping aims to delineate and quantify the spatial distribution and variation of the sequence boundaries, maximum flooding surfaces, systems tracts, and parasequences on the seismic data. The mapping also helps to reveal the structural and depositional features that control or influence the sequence stratigraphy, such as faults, folds, salt domes, channels, lobes, and reefs. The mapping allows the geologist to visualize and analyze the three-dimensional architecture and evolution of the sedimentary basin.

6 Validate and refine the integration results

The final step is to validate and refine the integration results, using techniques such as cross-validation, sensitivity analysis, uncertainty analysis, and scenario testing. The validation aims to check the consistency and accuracy of the integration results, by comparing them with independent or alternative data sources, such as core descriptions, paleontological data, geochemical data, or analog models. The validation also helps to identify and resolve any discrepancies or conflicts that may arise from the integration, such as mismatched or missing surfaces, erroneous or ambiguous correlations, or unrealistic or contradictory interpretations. The refinement aims to improve the quality and resolution of the integration results, by applying additional or advanced methods, such as seismic attribute extraction, seismic facies classification, seismic stratigraphic simulation, or seismic geomorphology. The refinement also helps to enhance the understanding and prediction of the sequence stratigraphy and its implications for reservoir characterization and exploration.

7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?