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What are the best practices for securing user input in your application?

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User input is one of the most common sources of security vulnerabilities in any application. If you don't validate, sanitize, and encode user input properly, you may expose your application to attacks such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting, or command injection. In this article, you will learn some of the best practices for securing user input in your application development process.

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1 Validate input

Validation is the process of checking whether user input meets certain criteria, such as format, length, range, or type. Validation helps you prevent invalid or malicious input from entering your application logic or database. You should validate user input both on the client-side and the server-side, using tools such as regular expressions, HTML5 attributes, or frameworks. However, client-side validation is not enough, as it can be bypassed by malicious users. You should always perform server-side validation as the last line of defense.

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Elango Balusamy

Vice President, Professional Services | Cybersecurity | Cloud | Data Analytics | CISSP
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Understand about white list and blacklist validation methods, choose the most appropriate method depending on the use case. Also take into account the user experience is balanced, so that a person understands why a certain input is not allowed when using white-list methods.

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2 Sanitize input

Sanitization is the process of removing or modifying user input that may contain harmful or unwanted characters, such as HTML tags, scripts, or commands. Sanitization helps you prevent user input from executing as code or affecting your application functionality. You should sanitize user input before storing it in your database or displaying it on your web pages. You can use tools such as HTML Purifier, OWASP ESAPI, or frameworks to sanitize user input.

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John Barguti

Software Engineer at Red Hat
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An important way that inputs are sanitized include escaping characters. For example, in HTML, this might mean converting < into <. The reason this is important is to prevent malicious code from being run. Say an app has a 'user comment' input and it is not sanitized and the user responds with: <script>alert('This is an XSS attack!');</script> If this comment is displayed on the webpage, the script will execute when other users view the page. The alert() is the most basic way to test vulnerability and it can be replaced with more harmful scripts, such as those that steal cookies or personal data. After escaping, it will render like this <script>alert('This is an XSS attack!');</script> The script is now harmless

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3 Encode output

Encoding is the process of converting user input into a different format, such as HTML entities, URL encoding, or base64 encoding. Encoding helps you prevent user input from being interpreted as code or commands by browsers, servers, or databases. You should encode user input before sending it to external systems or rendering it on your web pages. You can use tools such as htmlspecialchars, urlencode, or base64_encode to encode user input.

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Elango Balusamy

Vice President, Professional Services | Cybersecurity | Cloud | Data Analytics | CISSP
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Multiple layers of defence is required in security, even if input is santized, ensuring output encoding helps prevent malicious input from being destructive.

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4 Use prepared statements

Prepared statements are a way of executing SQL queries that separate user input from the query structure. Prepared statements help you prevent SQL injection attacks, which occur when user input is inserted into a SQL query and modifies its meaning or executes additional commands. You should use prepared statements whenever you need to execute a SQL query that involves user input. You can use tools such as PDO, mysqli, or frameworks to use prepared statements.

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5 Use HTTPS

HTTPS is a protocol that encrypts the communication between your application and your users. HTTPS helps you prevent eavesdropping, tampering, or impersonation attacks, which occur when an attacker intercepts or modifies the data exchanged between your application and your users. You should use HTTPS for all your application pages, especially those that involve sensitive user input, such as login, registration, or payment. You can use tools such as SSL certificates, Let's Encrypt, or frameworks to use HTTPS.

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6 Educate users

Educating users is a way of raising awareness and providing guidance on how to protect their own data and accounts. Educating users helps you prevent phishing, social engineering, or brute force attacks, which occur when an attacker tricks or forces users into revealing their credentials or personal information. You should educate users about the importance of choosing strong and unique passwords, avoiding suspicious links or attachments, and reporting any suspicious activity or breach.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Elango Balusamy

Vice President, Professional Services | Cybersecurity | Cloud | Data Analytics | CISSP
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Think beyond SQL injection and Cross site scripting alerts, you can never predict the future. For example, malicious users can upload infected files as images and later leverage them to compromise the system. Unix and Windows script can be injected in input and leverage later.

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What are the best practices for securing user input in your application?

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1 Validate input

2 Sanitize input

3 Encode output

4 Use prepared statements

5 Use HTTPS

6 Educate users

7 Here’s what else to consider

Application Development

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