What are the best methods to reduce the vibration and noise of a structure due to dynamic loads?

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Dynamic stability and robustness of structures are important aspects of structural dynamics, the study of how structures respond to external forces and motions. In this article, you will learn what are the best methods to reduce the vibration and noise of a structure due to dynamic loads, such as wind, traffic, earthquakes, or machinery. You will also understand the concepts of damping, resonance, and feedback control, and how they affect the dynamic behavior of structures.

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Reza Vahidifard

Structural Engineer
Doralba Valencia Restrepo

Principal Engineer at Transpower New Zealand. CMEngNZ CPEng IntPE(NZ) / APEC Engineer

1 What are dynamic loads?

Dynamic loads are forces or motions that vary over time and cause a structure to vibrate. They can be periodic, such as the cycles of a rotating machine, or random, such as the gusts of wind or the shocks of an earthquake. Dynamic loads can induce stress, fatigue, and damage to the structure, as well as discomfort and annoyance to the occupants or users. Therefore, it is essential to design and analyze structures for dynamic loads, and to apply appropriate methods to reduce their effects.

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2 What is damping?

Damping is the process of dissipating the energy of vibration in a structure. It can be inherent in the material or the joints of the structure, or it can be added by using devices such as dampers, absorbers, or isolators. Damping reduces the amplitude and frequency of vibration, and thus the noise and stress generated by dynamic loads. However, damping also reduces the stiffness and strength of the structure, so it has to be balanced with other design criteria.

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3 What is resonance?

Resonance is the phenomenon that occurs when a structure vibrates at its natural frequency, or the frequency that matches its shape and properties. When a structure is subjected to a dynamic load that has the same or a multiple frequency as its natural frequency, the vibration amplitude increases significantly, and can lead to failure or collapse. Resonance can be avoided by changing the natural frequency of the structure, by using different materials, shapes, or supports, or by introducing damping or stiffness elements.

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4 What is feedback control?

Feedback control is a method of reducing vibration and noise by using sensors, actuators, and controllers to monitor and adjust the dynamic response of a structure. Sensors measure the vibration or noise level of the structure, and send signals to the controllers, which process the information and generate commands for the actuators. Actuators apply forces or motions to the structure that counteract or cancel out the effects of the dynamic loads. Feedback control can be passive, active, or semi-active, depending on the type and source of energy used by the actuators.

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5 What are the best methods to reduce vibration and noise?

When considering how to handle dynamic loads in a structure, there is no single answer as the method chosen should depend on the type, magnitude, and frequency of the load as well as the characteristics and requirements of the structure. Generally speaking, damping devices can be used to reduce vibration amplitude and frequency; however, this should be weighed against any potential reduction in stiffness and strength. Additionally, resonance can be avoided by changing the natural frequency of the structure or through the use of damping or stiffness elements. Feedback control can also be used to monitor and adjust the dynamic response of the structure, although this comes with considerations regarding cost, complexity, and reliability. Finally, it is important to choose an appropriate material, shape, and support for the structure based on its intended function and environment.

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Reza Vahidifard

Structural Engineer
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Using the usual methods of seismic design, a structure is designed that has sufficient resistance, ductility and energy absorption capacity to withstand the forces caused by earthquakes. In these types of designs, the maximum acceleration of the structure is often higher than the maximum acceleration of the ground. . If the seismic isolators limit the destructive effect of the earthquake so that the flexible base of the structure causes it to be separated from the ground movements and as a result the response acceleration of the structure is less than the ground acceleration.

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Doralba Valencia Restrepo

Principal Engineer at Transpower New Zealand. CMEngNZ CPEng IntPE(NZ) / APEC Engineer
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Period is a function of mass and stiffness. To change vibration you have to change your period so to keep it in a certain range. If you need to increase your period and cannot modify your stiffness, then you have to increase your mass. And similar approaches modifying mass/stiffness depending on what you need for your period.

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What are the best methods to reduce the vibration and noise of a structure due to dynamic loads?

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1 What are dynamic loads?

2 What is damping?

3 What is resonance?

4 What is feedback control?

5 What are the best methods to reduce vibration and noise?

Structural Dynamics

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