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What are the best imaging biomarkers for diagnosing respiratory disorders?

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Respiratory disorders are common and often serious conditions that affect the lungs and breathing. They can be caused by infections, allergies, inflammation, or cancer. To diagnose and monitor these disorders, doctors need reliable and accurate tools that can measure the structure and function of the respiratory system. Imaging biomarkers are features that can be detected and quantified by various imaging techniques, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI, or PET. They can provide information about the anatomy, physiology, metabolism, or molecular characteristics of the lungs and airways. In this article, you will learn about some of the best imaging biomarkers for diagnosing respiratory disorders, how they work, and what their advantages and limitations are.

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Dr Shamitha KV

Chief Medical Officer-Santhigram Wellness Online | Founder: Dr. Shamitha's Ayurveda | Keynote Speaker| Senior Ayurveda…

1 X-ray biomarkers

X-rays are the most widely used imaging technique for respiratory disorders, as they can show the shape and size of the lungs, the presence of fluid or air in the pleural space, and the density and pattern of lung tissue. Common X-ray biomarkers for respiratory disorders include atelectasis, consolidation, interstitial lung disease, emphysema, and pneumothorax. While X-rays are fast, cheap, and widely available, they have their drawbacks such as radiation exposure, low resolution and contrast, and interference from overlying structures or artifacts.

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Dr Shamitha KV

Chief Medical Officer-Santhigram Wellness Online | Founder: Dr. Shamitha's Ayurveda | Keynote Speaker| Senior Ayurveda Consultant | Psychology | MD Ayurveda | Infertility Specialist | Skin Care | LinkedIn Top Voice |
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Compared to CT scan x rays radiation exposure will be 1/70th times. For example, in a chest x ray, it delivers 0.1 mSv, while a chest CT delivers 7mSv, which is 70 times as much. X rays are useful for detecting conditions like pneumonia, lung Cancer, or fluid accumulation in the lungs (pleural effusion). Emphysema, cystic fibrosis, lung tissue scarring, TB etc. Moreover compared to the CT scan this is cheaper as well. Even though it has less radiation compared to Scan, use of xray scanning is also restricted in Pregnant ladies, newborns etc.

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2 CT biomarkers

CT scans use X-rays to produce cross-sectional images of the lungs and airways, offering more detailed and accurate information than X-rays. Common CT biomarkers for respiratory disorders include ground-glass opacity, honeycombing, bronchiectasis, air trapping, and nodules. However, CT scans have some drawbacks; they expose the patient to more radiation, they are more expensive and less available, and they can have false positives or negatives.

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Dr Shamitha KV

Chief Medical Officer-Santhigram Wellness Online | Founder: Dr. Shamitha's Ayurveda | Keynote Speaker| Senior Ayurveda Consultant | Psychology | MD Ayurveda | Infertility Specialist | Skin Care | LinkedIn Top Voice |
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CT is a scanning method which is taking multiple x-rays in different angles to create detailed cross-sectional images of the chest. This test will be ideal for diagnosing pulmonary embolism, lung nodules, Infections, or assessing complex lung conditions, visualizing the blood clots, damage caused by smoking, blocked blood flow in the lung, etc

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3 MRI biomarkers

MRI is a popular imaging technique that employs magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of the lungs and airways. It can provide information about the anatomy, function, perfusion, and diffusion of the lung tissue. Common MRI biomarkers for respiratory disorders include lung volume (measured by the signal intensity or the number of voxels), ventilation (measured by the signal intensity or the change in signal intensity after inhaling a gas contrast agent), perfusion (measured by the signal intensity or the change in signal intensity after injecting a gadolinium contrast agent), and diffusion (measured by the apparent diffusion coefficient or the fractional anisotropy). MRI has several advantages over X-rays and CT scans, such as no radiation exposure, high resolution and contrast, and the ability to measure functional and molecular parameters. However, it is also more time-consuming and expensive, less available and accessible, and can be affected by motion artifacts or magnetic susceptibility.

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Dr Shamitha KV

Chief Medical Officer-Santhigram Wellness Online | Founder: Dr. Shamitha's Ayurveda | Keynote Speaker| Senior Ayurveda Consultant | Psychology | MD Ayurveda | Infertility Specialist | Skin Care | LinkedIn Top Voice |
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MRI will be one among the safest bio markers that can be used since it uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images without radiation. But this technique is less commonly used for lung imaging, but can be used for those who cannot undergo CT and x rays due to radiation concerns. It could help to diagnose blocked blood vessels, cancer, tumours, lymph system issues, injuries etc.

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4 PET biomarkers

PET uses radioactive tracers to measure the metabolic activity of the lungs and airways, providing information about glucose uptake, oxygen consumption, or inflammation. Common PET biomarkers for respiratory disorders include the Standardized Uptake Value (the ratio of tracer concentration in the lung tissue to the tracer concentration in the blood), Metabolic Tumor Volume (the volume of lung tissue with a high Standardized Uptake Value), Total Lesion Glycolysis (the product of Standardized Uptake Value and Metabolic Tumor Volume), and Tumor-to-Background Ratio (the ratio of Standardized Uptake Value in the lung tissue to the Standardized Uptake Value in normal tissue). PET has advantages over other imaging techniques such as being able to measure metabolic and molecular parameters, detecting early or subtle changes, and monitoring response to treatment; however, it also has some drawbacks like radiation exposure, expensive and scarce availability, and low resolution and spatial accuracy.

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5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Dr Shamitha KV

Chief Medical Officer-Santhigram Wellness Online | Founder: Dr. Shamitha's Ayurveda | Keynote Speaker| Senior Ayurveda Consultant | Psychology | MD Ayurveda | Infertility Specialist | Skin Care | LinkedIn Top Voice |
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Can utilise Bronchoscopy which involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera(bronchoscope) into the airways to visualize the lungs. Its direct visualization will help to diagnose conditions like tumours, infections, or bleeding in the airways. PFT(PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST) is not an imaging technique but it measures lung infection, including airflow, lung capacity, and gas exchange. PFT will act as a crucial diagnostic tool which monitors conditions like asthma, COPD(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), or restrictive lung diseases etc. It mainly assesses how well the lungs are functioning by measuring the amount of air a person can exhale forcefully. It will measure the Vital capacity, residual capacity, etc

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What are the best imaging biomarkers for diagnosing respiratory disorders?

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1 X-ray biomarkers

2 CT biomarkers

3 MRI biomarkers

4 PET biomarkers

5 Here’s what else to consider

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