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What are the best HMI design principles for incorporating new technologies?

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Human-machine interfaces (HMI) are the means by which users interact with software systems, devices, or machines. They can range from simple buttons and screens to complex voice, gesture, or biometric inputs and outputs. As new technologies emerge, HMI designers face the challenge of incorporating them into their designs in a way that enhances user experience, functionality, and usability. In this article, we will explore some of the best HMI design principles for incorporating new technologies, based on established guidelines, patterns, and examples.

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Hans Scharler

Community Strategy Leader / Generative AI Product Manager

1 Know your users

The first and foremost principle of HMI design is to know your users and their needs, goals, preferences, and context. You should conduct user research, interviews, surveys, personas, scenarios, and testing to understand who your users are, what they want to achieve, how they use your system, and what challenges or pain points they face. This will help you select the most appropriate technologies, features, and interactions for your HMI, as well as design them in a way that meets user expectations, reduces cognitive load, and provides feedback and guidance.

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2 Follow standards and conventions

Another important principle of HMI design is to follow standards and conventions that are relevant to your domain, platform, and audience. Standards and conventions are the common rules, patterns, and best practices that users are familiar with and expect from similar systems or devices. They help users learn and use your HMI more easily and efficiently, as well as avoid errors and confusion. You should adhere to the standards and conventions of your industry, operating system, device type, accessibility, and localization, as well as the common HMI design principles such as consistency, visibility, affordance, feedback, and error prevention.

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Peter Webb
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But don't limit yourself to the standards and conventions of your field, or the fields of your users. Cross-pollination of tested ideas from other domains is a fertile area for invention and progress -- and as a bonus, there's usually a lot of literature and examples that make imported standards easy to justify and explain.

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3 Balance novelty and familiarity

While following standards and conventions is essential, it does not mean that you should avoid innovation or creativity in your HMI design. New technologies can offer new opportunities and benefits for your users, such as improved performance, functionality, convenience, or engagement. However, you should balance novelty and familiarity in your HMI design, so that you do not overwhelm or frustrate your users with unfamiliar or complex technologies or interactions. You should introduce new technologies gradually, provide clear instructions and explanations, use familiar metaphors and analogies, and allow users to switch to alternative modes or options if they prefer.

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Hans Scharler

Community Strategy Leader / Generative AI Product Manager
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HMI should have surprising interactions anchored in familiar UI elements. As we transform our HMI experiences, it is important to show us what's possible and stretch our imaginations a bit. We have more information about how users use HMI interfaces and we should be comfortable adjusting the experience with OTA updates.

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Peter Webb
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This is sometimes called "The Law of Least Astonishment". A good surprise is a revelation. A bad one can be very irritating. Doing this well requires real insight into user workflows, a kind of "theory of mind" for other domains and disciplines. And that's why usability testing is so important -- I know how to write good software, but I'm not an expert on how you use it...

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4 Consider context and environment

Another key principle of HMI design is to consider the context and environment in which your users will use your system or device. The context and environment can affect how users perceive, interact with, and benefit from your HMI, as well as the constraints and challenges they face. You should design your HMI to suit the specific context and environment of your users, such as their location, time, task, mood, social situation, physical condition, or ambient conditions. You should also make your HMI adaptable and responsive to changes in context and environment, such as adjusting the brightness, volume, or layout of your HMI according to the lighting, noise, or orientation of your device.

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5 Evaluate and iterate

The final principle of HMI design is to evaluate and iterate your design based on user feedback and data. You should test your HMI with real or representative users, using various methods such as usability testing, user testing, A/B testing, eye tracking, or analytics. You should collect and analyze user feedback and data, such as satisfaction, preferences, behavior, performance, errors, or suggestions. You should use this feedback and data to identify the strengths and weaknesses of your HMI design, as well as the opportunities and challenges of incorporating new technologies. You should then iterate your design to improve your HMI based on user feedback and data, as well as the latest technologies and trends.

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Peter Webb
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And not just once or twice either -- some years ago I shipped a UI that I'd guided through 11 usability studies, each of which resulted in an almost complete redesign. I thought it was great the first time; I was so wrong. I was lucky to have managers that really believed quality is important. Totally worth it though -- we've received very few bug reports that originate in the UI.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Siddharth Vaghela

Senior Engineer at MathWorks
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Another, often overlooked aspect of HMI design is consistency. As the HMI design evolves, behaviors across different elements should have a consistent pattern. This helps improve the user's ability to build a mental model for the controls and speeds up the adoption of the interface.

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What are the best HMI design principles for incorporating new technologies?

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1 Know your users

2 Follow standards and conventions

3 Balance novelty and familiarity

4 Consider context and environment

5 Evaluate and iterate

6 Here’s what else to consider

Software Design

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What are the best HMI design principles for incorporating new technologies?

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 Know your users

2 Follow standards and conventions

3 Balance novelty and familiarity

4 Consider context and environment

5 Evaluate and iterate

6 Here’s what else to consider

Software Design

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