Last updated on 2024年8月19日

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using high-aspect-ratio wings for aircraft design?

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If you are interested in aircraft design, you might have wondered why some planes have long and slender wings, while others have short and stubby ones. The shape of the wing, or its aspect ratio, is one of the key factors that affect the aerodynamic performance, efficiency, and stability of an aircraft. In this article, you will learn what high-aspect-ratio wings are, what benefits and drawbacks they offer, and how they are used in different types of aircraft.

本文章的要点总结

Balanced design approach:

Opt for wings that marry the benefits of high aspect ratios with structural robustness. This offers fuel efficiency and stability, crucial for varied flight conditions.
Tailored mission requirements:

Design wings with the specific mission in mind, balancing efficiency and maneuverability to meet unique operational needs. This ensures optimal performance in intended environments.

本摘要由 AI 和以下专家提供支持

Cmdr (Dr.?) Reji Kurien Thomas , FRSA, MLE?

I Empower Sectors as a Global Tech &…
Aamna S.

BEng (Hons) | MIET

1 What is aspect ratio?

Aspect ratio is the ratio of the wing span to the wing chord, or the length to the width of the wing. A high-aspect-ratio wing has a large span and a small chord, while a low-aspect-ratio wing has a small span and a large chord. For example, a glider has a high-aspect-ratio wing, while a fighter jet has a low-aspect-ratio wing. Aspect ratio affects the amount of lift and drag generated by the wing, as well as its structural strength and weight.

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Aamna S.

BEng (Hons) | MIET
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High-aspect-ratio wings offer advantages like increased lift and efficiency, reduced induced drag, and improved gliding and climbing performance. However, they come with disadvantages, including structural complexity, challenges in ground handling, gentler stall characteristics, reduced maneuverability, and increased wind sensitivity. The choice depends on the specific aircraft's mission and requirements.

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Lorenzo Cerpa

Ingeniero Aeronáutico
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It's a relationship between the wing area and the wing span given by the expression AR=b2/S wheres "b" it's the wing span and "S" it's the wing area. The value of this ratio will affect the performance of the aircraft, and thus the design of the aircraft, depending on the mission.

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2 Why use high-aspect-ratio wings?

The main advantage of using high-aspect-ratio wings is that they reduce the induced drag, which is the drag caused by the wingtip vortices that form when the high-pressure air under the wing spills over to the low-pressure air above the wing. Induced drag is proportional to the lift coefficient and inversely proportional to the aspect ratio. Therefore, by increasing the aspect ratio, the induced drag is reduced, which improves the lift-to-drag ratio and the fuel efficiency of the aircraft. High-aspect-ratio wings also have a higher maximum lift coefficient, which means they can produce more lift at lower speeds and angles of attack, which is useful for takeoff and landing.

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Lorenzo Cerpa

Ingeniero Aeronáutico
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It depends on what are you looking for in your design. At a first sight it could be attractive design an airplane with wings of high aspect ratio, since it means lower drag and thus more fuel eficiency. However, it should be taken account structural, aeroelastic, maneuevering speeds and material aspects as well as maneuverability and dimmensions of the aircraft. If you want to design a long endurance plane you should thik in a high AR, but if you are looking for a maneuverable aircraft you should think in a lower AR.

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3 What are the challenges of using high-aspect-ratio wings?

The main disadvantage of using high-aspect-ratio wings is that they increase the structural weight and complexity of the wing. Because the wing is longer and thinner, it is more prone to bending and twisting under aerodynamic loads and gusts. This requires more material and reinforcement to maintain the rigidity and strength of the wing, which adds to the weight and cost of the aircraft. High-aspect-ratio wings also have a lower roll rate and maneuverability, which means they respond slower to the aileron inputs and have less ability to change direction quickly. This can be a problem for combat or acrobatic aircraft that need to perform rapid and agile maneuvers.

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Cmdr (Dr.?) Reji Kurien Thomas , FRSA, MLE?

I Empower Sectors as a Global Tech & Business Transformation Leader| Stephen Hawking Award| Harvard Leader | UK House of Lord's Awardee | Fellow Royal Society | CyberSec I 200x LinkedIn Top Voice | CCISO CISM
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Advantages of high-aspect-ratio wings for aircraft design include – Improved aerodynamic efficiency, leading to better fuel economy Enhanced gliding capabilities, which can be beneficial in the event of power loss Reduced induced drag at higher altitudes, improving performance for long-haul flights Disadvantages and challenges involve – Structural integrity concerns due to increased wing flex and potential for flutter Handling issues at lower speeds, particularly during takeoff and landing Larger wingspan can limit airport compatibility and increase hangar space requirements

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Mark Leevers

Operations Duty Officer, Volunteer SAR Pilot
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The biggest problem here is flutter and aileron reversal, or twisting in long thin designs without the space to design a suitably rigid structure. To design a longer thinner wing with suitable rigidity, then thinking outside the usual spar and rib design may be necessary.

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4 How are high-aspect-ratio wings used in different types of aircraft?

High-aspect-ratio wings are suitable for aircraft that need to fly at high altitudes, low speeds, and long distances, such as gliders, sailplanes, ultralights, and some airliners. These aircraft benefit from the low induced drag and high lift coefficient of the high-aspect-ratio wings, which allow them to soar for long periods of time with minimal fuel consumption and engine power. On the other hand, low-aspect-ratio wings are preferred for aircraft that need to fly at low altitudes, high speeds, and short distances, such as fighter jets, bombers, and some military transports. These aircraft require high roll rate and maneuverability, as well as low wave drag and high transonic performance, which are achieved by the short and wide wings.

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5 What are some examples of high-aspect-ratio wing aircraft?

Aircraft that use high-aspect-ratio wings come in many varieties. The Airbus A350 and Boeing 787, for example, both have aspect ratios of 9.6 and 9.5 respectively and are designed to be fuel-efficient and long-range airliners. The Solar Impulse 2 is a solar-powered aircraft with an aspect ratio of 21.9 that can fly around the world without using any fossil fuel. The U-2 has an aspect ratio of 12.8 and is a high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft that can fly above 70,000 feet and evade radar detection. Finally, the ASK 21 has an aspect ratio of 17.8 and is a popular two-seater glider that can perform basic aerobatics and cross-country flights.

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Lorenzo Cerpa

Ingeniero Aeronáutico
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Any Sailplane would be a good example of High AR wing design. Also the U-2 spy plane is one the most famous of this configuration.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of using high-aspect-ratio wings for aircraft design?

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1 What is aspect ratio?

2 Why use high-aspect-ratio wings?

3 What are the challenges of using high-aspect-ratio wings?

4 How are high-aspect-ratio wings used in different types of aircraft?

5 What are some examples of high-aspect-ratio wing aircraft?

6 Here’s what else to consider

Aircraft Design

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