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What is active vibration control and how does it differ from passive vibration control?

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Vibrations can be a serious problem for civil engineers, especially when designing and constructing tall buildings, bridges, and other structures that are exposed to dynamic loads. Vibration can affect the structural integrity, safety, comfort, and functionality of these structures. Therefore, civil engineers need to use various methods to control and mitigate the effects of vibration. In this article, you will learn what is active vibration control and how does it differ from passive vibration control, two common approaches to deal with vibration issues.

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Vyacheslav M. Ryaboy

Fellow and Chief Mechanical Engineer at MKS Photonics Solutions Division (Newport Corporation)

1 Passive vibration control

Passive vibration control is the most traditional and widely used method to reduce vibration. It involves adding damping devices, such as springs, dampers, mass dampers, or base isolators, to the structure or its foundation. These devices absorb and dissipate the vibration energy, thus reducing the amplitude and frequency of the vibration response. Passive vibration control is relatively simple, reliable, and cost-effective, but it has some limitations. For example, passive devices have a fixed performance that cannot be adjusted to changing conditions, and they may add weight and complexity to the structure.

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2 Active vibration control

Active vibration control is a more advanced and sophisticated method to counteract vibration. It involves adding sensors, actuators, and controllers to the structure or its foundation. These devices measure the vibration response, generate an opposite force or displacement, and apply it to the structure in real time. This way, the active devices cancel out the vibration input, thus reducing or eliminating the vibration response. Active vibration control can offer better performance, flexibility, and adaptability than passive vibration control, but it also has some challenges. For example, active devices require power supply, maintenance, and tuning, and they may introduce instability or noise to the system.

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Vyacheslav M. Ryaboy

Fellow and Chief Mechanical Engineer at MKS Photonics Solutions Division (Newport Corporation)
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Two kinds of active vibration control are active vibration isolation and active vibration damping. The isolation systems try to counteract directly the external disturbances such as seismic vibration of the ground. The damping systems try to dissipate vibration energy in the protected structure; in this respect, their action is akin to that of dynamic vibration absorbers. See more details in the recent book, Vibration Control for Optomechanical Systems, World Scientific, 2022, Chapter 9.

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3 Hybrid vibration control

Hybrid vibration control is a combination of passive and active vibration control methods. It aims to achieve the best of both worlds, by using passive devices to provide the basic level of damping and stability, and active devices to enhance the performance and efficiency. Hybrid vibration control can offer more robustness, reliability, and versatility than either passive or active vibration control alone, but it also requires more integration, coordination, and optimization. Hybrid vibration control is an emerging and promising field of research and application in civil engineering.

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Vyacheslav M. Ryaboy

Fellow and Chief Mechanical Engineer at MKS Photonics Solutions Division (Newport Corporation)
举报内容
In fact, every active vibration control system contains a passive sub-system. In this respect, speaking about active isolation systems, they can be classified as soft, or parallel, active systems, or stiff, or sequential, active systems. The first kind works is parallel with passive isolators and do not carry the weight of the isolated structure; they are often implemented with voice coil or other electromagnetic actuators. The second kind works in sequence with the passive isolators and carries the weight; they are often implemented with piezo actuators. Both schemes found practical applications, see details in the recent book, Vibration Control for Optomechanical Systems, World Scientific, 2022, pp. 234-240 and 245-252.

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4 Examples of vibration control

Vibration control methods have been applied to various civil engineering structures and projects around the world. For instance, the Taipei 101 tower in Taiwan utilizes a passive tuned mass damper (TMD) to reduce wind-induced vibrations. This TMD consists of a 660-ton steel ball that is suspended by cables and springs in the upper floors of the tower, swaying in the opposite direction of the tower movement. The Millau Viaduct in France utilizes an active tendon control system to reduce vibrations caused by traffic and wind. This system is composed of hydraulic actuators that are attached to the cables supporting the bridge deck, adjusting tension according to sensors' feedback. The Tokyo Skytree in Japan implements a hybrid vibration control system to reduce seismic and wind vibrations, consisting of a passive oil damper and an active mass driver (AMD) installed in the core column of the tower. The oil damper absorbs low-frequency vibrations while the AMD cancels out high-frequency vibrations.

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Vyacheslav M. Ryaboy

Fellow and Chief Mechanical Engineer at MKS Photonics Solutions Division (Newport Corporation)
举报内容
Precision vibration control of advanced optics and optoelectronics, as well as technological processes in microelectronics, presents a wide field of applications for active vibration control due to extremely low tolerances to noise. Multiple examples, including some unique systems that enabled new scientific breakthroughs, can be found in the recent book, Vibration Control for Optomechanical Systems, World Scientific, 2022, Chapters 1 and 9.

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5 Benefits and drawbacks of vibration control

Vibration control methods have various benefits and drawbacks for civil engineering structures and projects. The main advantages include improved structural performance, safety, durability, serviceability, comfort, satisfaction, and functionality of the occupants and users. Additionally, vibration control can reduce maintenance and repair costs while extending the lifespan of these structures. However, it can also increase initial design and construction costs, as well as operational and maintenance costs. Moreover, vibration control can add complexity, weight, and space requirements to these structures. Furthermore, it can introduce new challenges such as system instability, noise, interference, or malfunction.

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6 Tips and best practices for vibration control

Vibration control is not a one-size-fits-all solution for civil engineering structures and projects. To choose and apply the appropriate vibration control method, careful analysis, design, implementation, and evaluation of the vibration sources, responses, and effects must be conducted. Firstly, you should identify the vibration problem by defining the type, magnitude, frequency, and duration of the vibration input and output. Additionally, assess the structural characteristics, constraints, and requirements as well as evaluate the potential impacts and risks of vibration on the structure and its occupants and users. Secondly, compare the pros and cons of passive, active, and hybrid vibration control methods to select the most suitable method for your vibration problem, structural conditions, and project goals. Lastly, design, install, test, and calibrate the vibration control devices and components to ensure compatibility, functionality, and reliability of the system. Monitor and adjust the system performance and efficiency according to actual conditions and feedback.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Vyacheslav M. Ryaboy

Fellow and Chief Mechanical Engineer at MKS Photonics Solutions Division (Newport Corporation)
举报内容
A terminological note: in older literature, the term “active” was sometimes applied to vibration control systems that adjust their parameters in response to changing conditions. One example is a pneumatic isolator with a leveling valve, where the stiffness and load capacity of the isolator are adjusted to the supporting load via positional feedback; another example is a shock system for a vehicle that can adjust damping and stiffness to the terrain. The proper term for this kind of system is “semi-active” system. The term “active system” should be reserved for systems that react in real-time to an offending vibration signal with a mitigating vibration signal. - Vibration Control for Optomechanical Systems, World Scientific, 2022, p.233.

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What is active vibration control and how does it differ from passive vibration control?

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3

4

5

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1 Passive vibration control

2 Active vibration control

3 Hybrid vibration control

4 Examples of vibration control

5 Benefits and drawbacks of vibration control

6 Tips and best practices for vibration control

7 Here’s what else to consider

Civil Engineering

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What is active vibration control and how does it differ from passive vibration control?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 Passive vibration control

2 Active vibration control

3 Hybrid vibration control

4 Examples of vibration control

5 Benefits and drawbacks of vibration control

6 Tips and best practices for vibration control

7 Here’s what else to consider

Civil Engineering

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