How do you test your geotechnical engineering models?

1 Physical models

Physical models are scaled-down replicas of the real structure and the surrounding soil or rock. They are usually built in a laboratory or a field site, and subjected to controlled loads and boundary conditions. Physical models can provide realistic and accurate results, but they are also costly, time-consuming, and limited by the available materials and equipment. Some examples of physical models are centrifuge models, shaking table models, and triaxial test models.

2 Numerical models

Numerical models are mathematical representations of the real structure and the soil or rock. They are usually developed using software programs that solve the equations of equilibrium, compatibility, and constitutive behavior. Numerical models can handle complex geometries, loading scenarios, and soil or rock types, but they also require a lot of data, calibration, and validation. Some examples of numerical models are finite element models, finite difference models, and discrete element models.

3 Analytical models

Analytical models are simplified expressions of the real structure and the soil or rock. They are usually derived using assumptions, approximations, and empirical relationships. Analytical models can provide quick and easy solutions, but they are also limited by the validity and accuracy of the assumptions and approximations. Some examples of analytical models are elastic solutions, limit equilibrium methods, and bearing capacity formulas.

4 Hybrid models

Hybrid models are combinations of physical, numerical, and analytical models. They are usually used to overcome the limitations and drawbacks of each individual model type, and to exploit the advantages and strengths of each one. Hybrid models can offer more comprehensive and reliable results, but they are also more complex and challenging to develop and implement. Some examples of hybrid models are physical-numerical models, numerical-analytical models, and physical-analytical models.

5 Model testing

Model testing is the process of evaluating the performance and validity of the geotechnical engineering models. It involves comparing the model results with the observed or expected behavior of the real structure and the soil or rock. Model testing can be done using different criteria and techniques, depending on the purpose and scope of the model. Some examples of model testing are sensitivity analysis, calibration, verification, validation, and uncertainty analysis.

6 Model selection

Model selection is the process of choosing the most appropriate and suitable geotechnical engineering model for a given problem or project. It involves considering various factors and aspects, such as the objectives, requirements, constraints, resources, and uncertainties of the model. Model selection can be done using different methods and tools, such as decision matrices, multi-criteria analysis, expert judgment, and optimization algorithms.

7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?