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How do you optimize the optical splitter placement and ratio in a PON network?

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Fiber to the home (FTTH) is a broadband technology that delivers high-speed internet access over optical fibers directly to the premises of end-users. One of the key components of FTTH networks is the passive optical network (PON), which uses optical splitters to divide the optical signal from the central office (CO) to multiple subscribers. However, the placement and ratio of the optical splitters can affect the network performance, cost, and reliability. In this article, you will learn how to optimize the optical splitter placement and ratio in a PON network, based on some common FTTH architectures and design considerations.

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1 GPON vs EPON

GPON and EPON are two of the most widely used PON standards for FTTH networks. GPON stands for gigabit-capable passive optical network, and EPON stands for ethernet passive optical network. Both standards use a single fiber to connect the CO and the optical network unit (ONU) at the subscriber's location, but they differ in the transmission protocol, bandwidth, and distance. GPON uses time division multiplexing (TDM) to allocate bandwidth to different subscribers, while EPON uses ethernet frames and media access control (MAC) addresses. GPON can support up to 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.25 Gbps upstream, while EPON can support up to 1.25 Gbps symmetrically. GPON can reach up to 20 km, while EPON can reach up to 10 km.

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Venkatesh Vedagiri

Telecom Consultant
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GPON and EPON are part of the PON family for FTTH networks.? Frame: GPON uses the Asynchronous Transfer Mode protocol for framing. EPON uses Ethernet frames and MAC addresses for framing. Speed: GPON—downstream of 2.488 Gbps and upstream of 1.244 Gbps. EPON usually offers symmetrical bandwidth of 1.244 Gbps for both downstream and upstream. Split Ratio: Both GPON and EPON commonly support split ratios of 1:32, 1:64, or 1:128, depending on the deployment scenario. Transmission Distance: 20 km (12.4 miles) is standard for both GPON and EPON. Actuals may vary depending on network design. Advanced Technologies: GPON are XGPON, XGSPON, and NG-PON2. EPON are 10G-EPON, Extended EPON, WDM-EPON and TWDM-EPON.

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2 Centralized vs Distributed Splitting

One of the main decisions in designing a PON network is whether to use centralized or distributed splitting. Centralized splitting means that all the optical splitters are located at the CO or a nearby cabinet, and each splitter has a high splitting ratio (e.g. 1:32 or 1:64) to serve many subscribers. Distributed splitting means that the optical splitters are located along the fiber route, and each splitter has a low splitting ratio (e.g. 1:2 or 1:4) to serve a few subscribers. Centralized splitting has the advantage of reducing the number of fibers and splitters, simplifying the network management, and increasing the flexibility of adding or removing subscribers. However, centralized splitting also has the disadvantage of increasing the optical loss, reducing the optical power budget, and limiting the network scalability. Distributed splitting has the opposite advantages and disadvantages of centralized splitting.

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Jiang Yi (River Yi)

19+years to FIBER OPTIC CABLE PRODUCT EXPERIENCE | FTTH-FIBER BROADBAND | ONE-STOP
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Centralized Splitting application popular for Multi-dwelling unit (MDU), Distributed Splitting application popular for Single-family unit(SFU). Agree that~ Centralized splitting means that all the optical splitters are located at the CO or a nearby cabinet, and each splitter has a high splitting ratio (e.g. 1:32 or 1:64) to serve many subscribers. Distributed splitting means that the optical splitters are located along the fiber route, and each splitter has a low splitting ratio (e.g. 1:2 or 1:4) to serve a few subscribers.

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3 Power Budget and Loss Budget

The power budget and the loss budget are two important parameters that determine the feasibility and performance of a PON network. The power budget is the difference between the transmitter power at the CO and the receiver sensitivity at the ONU, and it represents the maximum allowable optical loss in the network. The loss budget is the sum of all the optical losses in the network, including the fiber attenuation, the connector loss, the splitter loss, and the margin loss. The loss budget must be lower than the power budget for the network to function properly. The optical splitter placement and ratio affect both the power budget and the loss budget, as they determine how much optical power is distributed and lost among the subscribers. Generally, a higher splitter ratio or a longer splitter distance will result in a lower power budget and a higher loss budget, and vice versa.

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Zac Cronauer

Vice President of Training and Professional Services | Fiber Optic Networks
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This step is very critical to engineering your network properly. Understand the TX and RX of the equipment that you have selected is the baseline to this building your model. Secondly the passive splitters performance should not be discredited here. I believe we all plan for worst case scenario, but our splitters should be performing much better than worst case. Any DB's gained from splitter performance creates a stronger and more stable network. Lastly, the tools you are testing your networks with should be accurate to the wavelengths you are using. Avoiding wavelength deviation is paramount!

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4 Optimization Methods and Tools

To optimize the optical splitter placement and ratio in a PON network, there are several methods and tools that can be used. One method is to use mathematical models and algorithms to calculate the optimal splitter configuration that minimizes the network cost and maximizes the network performance, subject to certain constraints and objectives. For example, some models can consider the trade-off between splitter ratio and distance, the trade-off between splitter cost and fiber cost, and the trade-off between network reliability and redundancy. Another method is to use simulation tools and software to test different splitter scenarios and evaluate their impact on the network parameters, such as power budget, loss budget, bandwidth, latency, and quality of service. For example, some tools can simulate the optical signal transmission, the network traffic, and the network faults. A third method is to use empirical data and field measurements to verify and adjust the splitter design based on the actual network conditions and performance. For example, some data can provide feedback on the optical power level, the optical signal to noise ratio, and the bit error rate.

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5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How do you optimize the optical splitter placement and ratio in a PON network?

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1 GPON vs EPON

2 Centralized vs Distributed Splitting

3 Power Budget and Loss Budget

4 Optimization Methods and Tools

5 Here’s what else to consider

Fiber to the Home (FTTH)

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