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How do you optimize the ground plane and the power distribution network for EMC performance?

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If you are a PCB designer, you know how important it is to ensure your board meets the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements. EMC is the ability of a device to function properly without interfering with other devices or being affected by external sources of electromagnetic noise. To achieve good EMC performance, you need to optimize the ground plane and the power distribution network (PDN) of your PCB. In this article, we will show you some tips and best practices to do that.

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Waseem Alkhayer

Electronics | Technology | IoT | Startups

1 What is a ground plane?

A ground plane is a large area of copper on your PCB that serves as a common reference point for all the circuits. It provides a low impedance path for the return currents and helps to shield the signals from noise. A good ground plane should cover as much area as possible, be continuous and avoid splits or gaps, and be connected to the chassis or enclosure of the device.

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Mihirkumar Lad

Operations & Technology Leader | Connecting Industries Through Smart Solutions | Driving Operational Excellence Through Technology | Automation | Smart Solutions | Leadership
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Enhancing EMC performance involves strategic ground plane and power distribution network design. Here's how: -Continuous Ground Plane: Ensure an uninterrupted ground plane to minimize noise and reduce impedance. -Ground Plane Partitioning: Separate analog and digital ground planes to prevent interference. -Decoupling Capacitors: Place them near power pins of ICs to filter high-frequency noise. -Stitching Via: Use stitching vias to connect ground planes across multiple layers. -Power Plane Isolation: Isolate power planes for different voltage levels to minimize crosstalk. -Star Topology: Implement a star topology for power distribution to centralize the return path and minimize loops.

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2 What is a power distribution network?

A power distribution network is the network of traces, vias, planes, and components that deliver power from the source to the load. It also provides decoupling and filtering functions to smooth out the voltage fluctuations and noise. A good PDN should have low impedance across the frequency range of interest, minimize the loop area of the current paths, and use adequate decoupling capacitors.

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3 How to optimize the ground plane for EMC?

One of the key aspects of optimizing the ground plane for EMC is to align it with the signal layers. This means that the signal traces should run parallel and close to the ground plane, creating a microstrip or stripline configuration. This reduces the inductance and capacitance of the traces, lowers the radiation and susceptibility, and improves the signal integrity. Another aspect is to avoid creating ground loops, which are closed paths of current that can act as antennas and pick up or radiate noise. To avoid ground loops, you should use a star or grid topology for the ground connections, avoid daisy-chaining or branching, and use a single point of connection to the chassis or enclosure.

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4 How to optimize the PDN for EMC?

One of the key aspects of optimizing the PDN for EMC is to minimize the impedance mismatch between the source and the load. This means that the PDN should have a flat and low impedance profile across the frequency range of interest, avoiding peaks or dips that can cause reflections, ringing, or resonance. To achieve this, you should use a combination of bulk, ceramic, and bypass capacitors, placed as close as possible to the load and the source, and distributed evenly across the board. Another aspect is to minimize the noise coupling between the PDN and the signal traces. This means that the PDN should have a separate plane or layer from the signal layer, avoid crossing or sharing traces or vias, and use ferrite beads or inductors to filter out high-frequency noise.

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5 How to verify the EMC performance of your PCB?

The best way to verify the EMC performance of your PCB is to test it in a certified laboratory or chamber, following the relevant standards and regulations. However, this can be expensive and time-consuming, so it is advisable to do some preliminary checks and simulations before sending your board for testing. You can measure the impedance of your PDN using a network analyzer or an oscilloscope and a signal generator. Additionally, you can measure the noise level of your PDN with a spectrum analyzer or an oscilloscope and a near-field probe. Radiation and susceptibility of your PCB can be measured using a spectrum analyzer or an oscilloscope and a near-field or far-field probe. You can also simulate the electromagnetic fields and currents of your PCB with a software tool such as Ansys HFSS or Altium Designer. By doing this, you can optimize the ground plane and the PDN of your PCB for EMC performance, reducing the risk of costly rework or failures.

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Waseem Alkhayer

Electronics | Technology | IoT | Startups
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You can use some inexpensive tools/techniques to verify the radiated and conducted emissions of your design. One of the good sources is "Workbench Troubleshooting EMC Emissions" by Kenneth Wyatt.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How do you optimize the ground plane and the power distribution network for EMC performance?

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1 What is a ground plane?

2 What is a power distribution network?

3 How to optimize the ground plane for EMC?

4 How to optimize the PDN for EMC?

5 How to verify the EMC performance of your PCB?

6 Here’s what else to consider

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