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How do you manage complex object interactions with behavioral design patterns?

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If you are working on a software project that involves multiple objects that need to communicate with each other, you might face some challenges. How do you ensure that the objects are loosely coupled, easy to reuse, and adaptable to changing requirements? How do you avoid creating complex and tangled dependencies that make your code hard to maintain and test? One possible solution is to use behavioral design patterns. These are patterns that define how objects interact and cooperate to achieve a common goal. In this article, you will learn about some of the most common behavioral design patterns and how they can help you manage complex object interactions.

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Amritpal Singh

CTO at Zapbuild Technologies

1 Observer Pattern

The observer pattern is a pattern that allows one or more objects, called observers, to be notified of any changes in the state of another object, called the subject. The subject maintains a list of observers and notifies them whenever it changes its state. The observers can then react accordingly, without having to know the details of the subject's implementation. This way, the subject and the observers are loosely coupled and can vary independently. The observer pattern is useful when you have many objects that depend on the state of another object, and you want to avoid tight coupling and code duplication. For example, you can use the observer pattern to implement a user interface that updates automatically when the data model changes.

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Amritpal Singh

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interface IObserver { public void Notify(); } interface IObservable { public void Subscribe(IObserver); } class TechChannel : IObservable { List<IObserver> mysubscribers = new(); public void Subscribe(IObserver observer) { mysubscribers.Add(observer); } public void NewVideoPublished() { foreach(IObserver observer in mysubscribers) observer.Notify(); } } class UserType1 : IObserver { public void Notify() { //WatchVideo(); } } class ClientType2:IObserver { public void Notify() { //DownloadVideo(); } } class BusinessObject { IObservable channel = new TechChannel(); channel.Subscribe(new UserType1()); channel.Subscribe(new ClientType2()); }

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2 Strategy Pattern

The strategy pattern is a pattern that allows you to define a family of algorithms, encapsulate them in separate classes, and make them interchangeable at runtime. The strategy pattern lets you vary the behavior of an object without changing its class. Instead, you can use composition to delegate the behavior to a different object, called the strategy, that implements a common interface. The strategy pattern is useful when you have multiple ways of performing a task, and you want to choose the most appropriate one based on the context. For example, you can use the strategy pattern to implement different sorting algorithms that can be applied to different types of collections.

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Amritpal Singh

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interface IPaymentProcessor { int ProcessPayment () } class gPayProcessor : IPaymentProcessor { int ProcessPayment() { //gPay API Integration if(success) return CodeEnum.Success; else return CodeEnum.ErrorCode; } } class BankTransferProcessor : IPaymentProcessor { int ProcessPayment() { //Bank API Integration } } class PaymentProcessorFactory() { static CreatePaymentProcessor(int UserSelection) { switch(UserSelection) { case gPay : return new gPayProcessor(); case Bank : return new BankTransferProcessor(); } } } class BusinessLogic() { IPaymentProcessor proc = PaymentProcessorFactory.CreatePaymentProcessor(userSelection); proc.ProcessPayment(); }

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3 Mediator Pattern

The mediator pattern is a pattern that allows you to reduce the direct communication between objects by introducing a central object, called the mediator, that coordinates their interactions. The mediator acts as an intermediary that encapsulates the logic of how the objects should communicate and cooperate. The objects only interact with the mediator, and not with each other. This way, the objects are decoupled and easier to reuse and modify. The mediator pattern is useful when you have a complex network of objects that need to collaborate, and you want to simplify their relationships and reduce their dependencies. For example, you can use the mediator pattern to implement a chat application that handles the messages between different users.

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Amritpal Singh

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Mediator Pseudo Code: public class Chatroom { List<User> users = new(); public void Join(User user) { users.Add(user); user.chatroom = this; } public void Send(string message, User from, [optional] User to) { //If to is provided, send the message to the specific user, otherwise broadcast the user to all the users in the list. to.Receive(message, from); } } public class User { Chatroom room = null; public void Send(string msg, [optional]User to) { this.chatroom.send(msg, this, to); } public void Receive(string msg, User from) { //Show } } main() { room = newChatroom(); u1 = new User(); u2 = new User(); u1.register(room); u2.register(room); u1.send("Hi",u2); }

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4 Command Pattern

The command pattern is a pattern that allows you to encapsulate a request as an object, and pass it to another object, called the invoker, that executes it. The command pattern lets you decouple the sender of the request from the receiver that performs the action. It also lets you store, queue, log, undo, or redo requests as needed. The command pattern is useful when you want to parameterize objects with different actions, or when you want to implement a menu system, a macro system, or a transaction system. For example, you can use the command pattern to implement a text editor that supports undo and redo operations.

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5 Template Method Pattern

The template method pattern is a pattern that allows you to define the skeleton of an algorithm in a base class, and let subclasses override some steps without changing the structure of the algorithm. The template method pattern lets you reuse the common parts of the algorithm, and vary the specific parts according to the needs of the subclasses. The template method pattern is useful when you have a family of classes that share some steps of an algorithm, but differ in some details. For example, you can use the template method pattern to implement different types of data parsers that follow the same sequence of steps, but handle different formats of data.

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Amritpal Singh

CTO at Zapbuild Technologies
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Public abstract class BaseApplication{ Public virtual CreateConnection() { } Public virtual ReadCommandLineArguments() { } Public virtual ValidateArguments() { } Public abstract ReadConfigValues() { } Public virtual ValidateConfigValues() { } Public abstract ExecuteProcess(); Public virtual EmailResultsToUser() { } Public BaseConsoleApplication() { this.CreateConnection(); this.ReadCommandLineArguments(); this.ValidateArguments(); this.ReadConfigValues(); this.ValidateConfigValues(); this.ExecuteProcess(); this.EmailResultsToUser(); } } Public class SomeApplication : BaseConsoleApplication { public override CreateConnection() { } Public override ExecuteProcess() { } }

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How do you manage complex object interactions with behavioral design patterns?

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1 Observer Pattern

2 Strategy Pattern

3 Mediator Pattern

4 Command Pattern

5 Template Method Pattern

6 Here’s what else to consider

Design Patterns

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