How do you integrate histograms with other SPC tools and techniques?

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Histograms are graphical displays of the frequency distribution of a data set. They can help you visualize the shape, center, spread, and variation of your data, and identify potential outliers or anomalies. But how do you integrate histograms with other statistical process control (SPC) tools and techniques? In this article, you will learn how to use histograms in conjunction with control charts, process capability analysis, Pareto charts, and cause-and-effect diagrams to monitor and improve your processes.

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Nima Zafarpoor

QA & QC Expert* IRCA Certified Lead auditor*Project Management*Project Portfolio Management*QA Engineering*Quality…
Glaucia Rocon

Estatística | Master Black Belt | Especialista Melhoria Contínua | Cientista de dados | Análise de dados | PDCA |…
Dr. Sumit Shandilya

Executive Director - QGS Group | Economic Times Young Leader | BW 40 under 40 | CII's Platinum Awardee | Writer & Poet…

1 Control charts

Control charts are SPC tools that plot the values of a quality characteristic over time, along with the center line, upper control limit (UCL), and lower control limit (LCL). They help you distinguish between common and special causes of variation, and detect when a process is out of control. You can use histograms to complement control charts by showing the distribution of the data points within and outside the control limits. For example, if your histogram shows a skewed or bimodal distribution, it may indicate that your process is not stable or consistent, and you may need to investigate the sources of variation.

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Nima Zafarpoor

QA & QC Expert* IRCA Certified Lead auditor*Project Management*Project Portfolio Management*QA Engineering*Quality Auditing*Administrative Management Expet*QA Manager at Yaks* Trainer*
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Integrating histograms with other SPC tools involves using them in conjunction to provide comprehensive insights into process performance ??. Combine histograms with control charts to monitor process stability over time ??. Pairing histograms with Pareto analysis helps prioritize improvement efforts by identifying critical issues ????. Additionally, integrating histograms with scatter plots allows for deeper analysis of relationships between variables ????. This holistic approach maximizes the effectiveness of SPC techniques in optimizing processes and driving quality improvements.

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Glaucia Rocon

Estatística | Master Black Belt | Especialista Melhoria Contínua | Cientista de dados | Análise de dados | PDCA | Power BI
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Já fiz parte da equipe de controle estatístico de processo de uma fábrica de chocolates. A principal variável controlada durante o período de produ??o de ovos de Páscoa era o peso das cascas. Lá se utilizava bastante a carta Xbarra – R, pois cada forma possuía molde para 6 cascas. O histograma nos auxiliava na identifica??o de distribui??o bimodal, e isso era preocupante, pois poderia haver cascas com peso médio muito baixo e em outros momentos com peso médio muito alto. Quando ocorria, procurávamos as causas e atuávamos no processo.

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Dr. Sumit Shandilya

Executive Director - QGS Group | Economic Times Young Leader | BW 40 under 40 | CII's Platinum Awardee | Writer & Poet | 3 times medalist ?? - National Games (Athletics) | Sportsman for life
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Use histograms alongside control charts to understand the distribution of process data and detect any deviations. While control charts monitor process stability over time, histograms provide insight into the overall distribution, revealing if the data is skewed, multimodal, or normally distributed.

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2 Process capability analysis

Process capability analysis is a technique that compares the variation of a process output to the specification limits, which are the acceptable range of values defined by the customer or the design. It helps you measure how well your process meets the requirements, and identify opportunities for improvement. You can use histograms to perform process capability analysis by plotting the specification limits on the same graph as the frequency distribution. This way, you can see how much of your data falls within or outside the specification limits, and calculate the process capability indices, such as Cp and Cpk, which quantify the degree of alignment between the process and the specifications.

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Dr. Sumit Shandilya

Executive Director - QGS Group | Economic Times Young Leader | BW 40 under 40 | CII's Platinum Awardee | Writer & Poet | 3 times medalist ?? - National Games (Athletics) | Sportsman for life
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Histograms are useful for visualizing how well the process fits within specification limits. Combining them with Cp and Cpk metrics allows you to assess process capability, with the histogram showing whether the process stays within customer-defined tolerances.

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3 Pareto charts

Pareto charts are SPC tools that display the frequency or impact of different categories of defects, errors, or problems in a process. They help you prioritize the most significant sources of variation, and apply the 80/20 rule, which states that 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes. You can use histograms to create Pareto charts by sorting the categories of defects from highest to lowest frequency or impact, and adding a cumulative percentage line that shows the proportion of the total variation accounted for by each category. This way, you can identify the vital few causes that require your attention, and the trivial many that can be ignored or addressed later.

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Kumarmangalam K.

Chartered Accountant
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A Pareto chart, named after economist Vilfredo Pareto, visualises data to highlight the major elements that influence outcomes. Bar and line charts that indicate cumulative percentages for specific categories help you rapidly identify essential components. The Pareto chart is used in quality management and healthcare to identify common problems and prioritise improvement efforts. They improve decision-making by properly allocating resources, fostering continual development and innovation. Creating effective charts requires selecting important metrics and communicating them. Pareto charts are more than just visual representations; they represent a philosophy of efficiency and adaptability in dealing with complexity.

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4 Cause-and-effect diagrams

Cause-and-effect diagrams, also known as fishbone diagrams or Ishikawa diagrams, are SPC tools that illustrate the potential causes of a specific problem or outcome in a process. They help you brainstorm and organize the possible factors that influence the quality characteristic of interest, and group them into major categories, such as materials, methods, machines, manpower, measurement, and environment. You can use histograms to validate or refute the hypotheses generated by cause-and-effect diagrams by analyzing the data for each factor and comparing the distributions. For example, if your histogram shows that a factor has a significant effect on the variation of the outcome, you may need to take corrective actions or implement preventive measures. On the other hand, if your histogram shows that a factor has no or negligible effect on the variation of the outcome, you may eliminate it from further consideration.

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Kumarmangalam K.

Chartered Accountant
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Cause-and-effect diagrams, often known as Ishikawa or fishbone diagrams, visually represent the underlying causes of problems. They divide causes into categories such as people, processes, and materials, which promotes systematic investigation. They are used in a variety of sectors to stimulate collaborative brainstorming to identify and prioritise concerns based on their impact. Organisations can prevent difficulties from repeating by addressing the core causes, resulting in continuous development and efficiency.

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5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Lucas Vicentini

Analista de Garantia de Qualidade Sr | Black Belt Lean Six-Sigma | Verifica??o Continuada de Processos | Análise Estatística de Processos
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Histogramas s?o poderosas ferramentas que podem indicar com facilidade a distribui??o de uma popula??o. O ponto principal (e principal fonte de erros, na minha opini?o) na elabora??o de um histograma é a defini??o do tamanho dos bins (barras) do gráfico. Eles podem decidir o sucesso ou o fracasso da sua apresenta??o gráfica.

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How do you integrate histograms with other SPC tools and techniques?

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1 Control charts

2 Process capability analysis

3 Pareto charts

4 Cause-and-effect diagrams

5 Here’s what else to consider

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