How do you implement the principle of least privilege in system design?

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The principle of least privilege (PoLP) is a fundamental concept in information security management that aims to minimize the access rights and permissions of users, processes, and systems to the minimum required to perform their functions. By applying PoLP, you can reduce the attack surface, mitigate the impact of breaches, and enforce the separation of duties. In this article, you will learn how to implement PoLP in system design using some practical steps and examples.

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Conor Devilly

Head of Security & Cloud Operations at EIDA Solutions | CISSP | CISM | CISA
Sheerin Fathima

Cybersecurity Specialist | VAPT | Threat Detection | Cloud Security & Risk Management | Certified Network Defender…
Damon Work

1 Identify the roles and resources

The first step is to identify the roles and resources involved in your system. Roles are the actors or entities that perform tasks or operations on the system, such as users, administrators, services, or applications. Resources are the assets or data that the system manages, such as files, databases, network devices, or APIs. You should map out the relationships between the roles and resources, and document their functions and dependencies.

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Joshua Farrish

Technical Program Manager | CISSP l CCSP | CSSLP | PMP | AWS Solution Architect | Active TS/SCI
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This is a crucial step for any organization designing systems and software. A thorough requirements document, subject/object matrix, and comprehensive threat modeling can determine privileges for users and objects. Without the identification of roles and responsibilities, and improperly identifying system and data entry points; there is a huge organizational risk of information disclosure.

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2 Define the access levels and policies

The next step is to define the access levels and policies for each role and resource. Access levels are the categories or types of actions that a role can perform on a resource, such as read, write, execute, or delete. Policies are the rules or conditions that govern the access levels, such as time, location, or authentication. You should use the principle of least privilege to assign the lowest possible access level and the most restrictive policy to each role and resource, based on their needs and functions.

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Damon Work
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PoLP concepts exist at all layers of the architecture. Security architecture should consider the user needs to gain access to network segments and services but access to enterprise data is also typically controlled at the application layer. Applications leverage different designs to implement end user security. These application security roles are frequently important in implementing PoLP. The more complex applications can provide for more narrow security roles and can facilitate a more effective PoLP implementation.

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3 Implement the access controls and mechanisms

The third step is to implement the access controls and mechanisms that enforce the access levels and policies. Access controls are the methods or techniques that verify and grant or deny the access requests from the roles to the resources, such as passwords, tokens, certificates, or firewalls. Mechanisms are the tools or technologies that support the access controls, such as encryption, auditing, logging, or backup. You should choose the appropriate access controls and mechanisms for your system, and test and monitor them regularly.

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Conor Devilly

Head of Security & Cloud Operations at EIDA Solutions | CISSP | CISM | CISA
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Any access control mechanism that you implement must be capable of meeting your legal and regulatory requirements. Standards like PCI DSS have clear requirements for access control, such as mandating MFA and strong cryptography. It is also important to consider end-user training when deploying new access control mechanisms. Without proper training and communication, users are likely to see access control as an unnecessary overhead. Similarly, access control mechanisms must strike a balance between security and usability.

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4 Review and update the access rights and permissions

The final step is to review and update the access rights and permissions periodically. Access rights and permissions are the actual settings or configurations that specify which role can access which resource at which level and under which policy. You should review and update them regularly to reflect any changes in the roles, resources, functions, or requirements of your system. You should also revoke or expire any unused or unnecessary access rights and permissions, and report any anomalies or violations.

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Jason Giddens

Solutions Consulting at Palo Alto Networks
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Maintaining the hygiene of your access rights and permissions is a full time job. Over and over again I have watched businesses do a great job in standing up a set of controls only to watch them fade into irrelevance due to entropy. How do you make sure you stay on top of it? - Schedule and monitor the performance of regular rights reviews. - Set auto-expiration dates that are more aggressive than you think prudent - Be prepared to pay the operational cost for more security. It's worth it

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5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Sheerin Fathima

Cybersecurity Specialist | VAPT | Threat Detection | Cloud Security & Risk Management | Certified Network Defender, Pen Tester, SOC Analyst | ISO 27001 & PCIHIPAA Certified | OWASP Top 10
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PoLP - Principle of Least Privilege. It an important aspects in information security which means assigning minimum level of access or permission for the employee to perform his/her daily activity. Advantages of implementing PoLP in an organization - Minimize the cyber attack surface - Stops in malware spreading - Improves user productivity - Helps in streamline compliance and audits

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How do you implement the principle of least privilege in system design?

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1 Identify the roles and resources

2 Define the access levels and policies

3 Implement the access controls and mechanisms

4 Review and update the access rights and permissions

5 Here’s what else to consider

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