How do you design a satellite for a specific mission and user need?

One thing we have found often when working with customers is that they start with " I need a satellite that is this big, has this much power, resolution, etc". Rather than engaging in that discussion, or even asking for a description of the mission, is asking "What problem are you going to solve for your customers?". I found that starting with the business side often leads to much more appropriate space segments, than starting with the technical side right away.

The initial step in designing a satellite is to clearly understand its purpose and the needs of the people who will use it. This involves asking questions like: What is the satellite supposed to do? What benefits will it bring? Who will use it, and who else is involved? By answering these questions, we can figure out important details like where the satellite will go (its orbit), what it will carry (its payload), how long it will work (its lifetime), how dependable it needs to be (reliability), and how much it will cost. These details help set the direction for designing and building the satellite to meet the needs and expectations of everyone involved.

Take time to understand the users' requirements. This could include scientific researchers, government agencies, commercial organizations, or others. Consult with these stakeholders to understand their specific needs and how the satellite can best serve them. Also, take into consideration where the data could be located, the data will be received in a ground station and then will be sent to its final destination. This Network will have to be taken into consideration in the design.

The satellite development process begins with defining the mission requirement. In commercial ventures, the mission requirement aligns closely with the market demand for data utilization. This entails catering to specific end uses such as remote sensing, Earth observation or navigation data thereby ensuring viability and relevance in downstream applications. Scientific missions prioritize acquisition of data solely for advancing research objectives, irrespective of immediate commercial implications. Establishing the mission requirements serves as the base for all further design considerations. For example in Earth observation missions, adherence to a sun-synchronous orbit becomes essential to optimize data acquisition and processing.

The next stage involves planning out how the satellite will work and the different parts it will need. This includes figuring out how the satellite will operate overall (its system architecture) and how it will connect with things like the ground station, the rocket that will launch it, and other satellites. The satellite also needs specific subsystems, which are smaller systems within the satellite itself. These include things like the structure that holds it together, the engines that make it move, the power system, how it stays at the right temperature, how it knows where it is in space, how it communicates with Earth, and what instruments it carries for its main job (payload).

Designing the system architecture and subsystems is critical in satellite development. The architecture defines the satellite's overall functionality and interactions with the ground segment, launch vehicle, and other satellites. Key subsystems include structure, propulsion, power, thermal, attitude and orbit control, communication, and payload. Each subsystem has specific design criteria, components, interfaces, and tests. For instance, Apollo Lunar Module and Mars rovers demonstrate the importance of precise subsystem integration and robust architectural planning in achieving complex mission objectives.

Next is all about figuring out how well the satellite will perform and what risks it might face. Technically, this means using mathematical models, computer simulations, and special software to see if the satellite can do what it's supposed to do and meet the needs of the people using it. It's like testing a car to see if it can handle different road conditions and reach its destination safely. But it's not just about performance; it's also about identifying any potential problems the satellite might encounter, like space debris, radiation, or extreme temperatures, and finding ways to prevent or fix them. It's like making sure the car has good brakes and airbags to keep the driver safe on the road.

Analyzing satellite performance and risks involves rigorous evaluation using mathematical models, simulations, and advanced software tools. This process ensures the satellite meets mission objectives and user requirements. Key tasks include assessing potential threats such as orbital debris, radiation, atmospheric drag, thermal cycling, and electrical anomalies. Techniques like finite element analysis, Monte Carlo simulations, and fault tree analysis are employed to predict and mitigate failures.

Next we make sure the satellite works as planned. Technically, this means doing a bunch of tests and checks at different stages of putting the satellite together, from individual parts to the whole thing. It's like testing each piece of a puzzle to make sure it fits just right and then putting the whole puzzle together to see the big picture. These tests and reviews make sure the satellite meets the design rules, works well, and is safe to use. It's like making sure a car has passed all its safety inspections and tests before hitting the road.

Validating the satellite design and verifying functionality is essential. This step involves conducting a series of tests and reviews at multiple integration levels, from components to the entire system. These tests ensure the satellite meets design specifications, quality standards, and safety regulations. Methods such as thermal vacuum testing, vibration testing, and system-level functional tests are used.

Manufacturing the satellite entails the precise assembly, integration, and testing of its subsystems in a controlled clean room environment. This process ensures compliance with rigorous cleanliness and functionality standards. Key activities include precision alignment of components, environmental testing (thermal, vacuum, vibration), and thorough end-to-end system verification. Post-assembly, the satellite undergoes careful packing, secure transportation, and installation onto the launch vehicle, followed by comprehensive final checks and procedures.

Then it is all about getting it ready to go into space. Technically, this means putting all the pieces of the satellite together in a super clean room, checking everything works perfectly, and testing it one last time. It's like assembling a really intricate Lego set and making sure every piece is in the right place and works like it should. Then, once everything's good to go, it's packed up, taken to the launch site, and attached to the rocket. Before the big launch, there are some final checks and procedures to make sure everything's still okay. It's like making sure a plane is fuelled up and ready to fly before takeoff.

Operating a satellite is a complex process involving several key steps. First, ground stations control and command the satellite, ensuring it follows the planned orbit and mission parameters. Data from the satellite's payload is received, processed, and delivered to users, fulfilling its intended purpose, whether that's communication, imaging, or scientific measurement. Continuous monitoring and maintenance are crucial to address any technical issues promptly. Finally, end-of-life planning is essential for responsible space management, involving safe disposal or controlled deorbiting to minimize space debris.

Finally, everything runs smoothly while it's up there in space. This implies sending commands from Earth to control the satellite, getting back data from its sensors, and using that data to provide services to people on the ground. It's like remotely controlling a robot in another room, using cameras to see what it's doing and making sure it's doing its job right. Besides that, it's also about fixing any problems that pop up, like a mechanic maintaining a car to keep it running smoothly. And when the satellite reaches the end of its life, there's a plan in place to safely bring it back down to Earth. It's like responsibly disposing of an old car when it's no longer useful.