How do you deal with concurrency and threading issues in MVVM with Java?

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Model-view-viewmodel (MVVM) is a design pattern that separates the user interface (view) from the data (model) and the logic (viewmodel) of an application. It allows you to decouple the components and test them independently, as well as to bind the view and the viewmodel dynamically. However, MVVM also introduces some challenges, especially when it comes to concurrency and threading issues. How do you deal with them in MVVM with Java? Here are some tips and best practices.

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Shweta Jain

27k+ ???? @Linkedin | Technical Architect - Mobility | Mobile Application | Android | iOS | React Native | Appian |…
Abhay Yadav

Senior Android Developer@ Thoughtworks | 8+ Years of Experience | Expertise in Kotlin, Java, MVVM, MVI, Jetpack…

1 Use LiveData

LiveData is a class that holds observable data and notifies the observers when the data changes. It is part of the Android Architecture Components, a set of libraries that help you design robust and maintainable Android apps. LiveData is designed to work well with MVVM, as it can be used as a source of data for the viewmodel and as a way to update the view. LiveData also handles the lifecycle of the observers, so you don't have to worry about memory leaks or inconsistent UI states.

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Shweta Jain

27k+ ???? @Linkedin | Technical Architect - Mobility | Mobile Application | Android | iOS | React Native | Appian | BFSI | Aviation | E-Commerce | Healthcare | Telecom | Fintech | Analytic Thinker
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LiveData's design inherently respects the lifecycle of Android components, which is crucial for avoiding concurrency issues related to the UI. By observing LiveData, the UI components only receive updates when they are in an active lifecycle state, thus preventing updates during states where the UI cannot be safely modified. This lifecycle awareness is a key advantage in managing threading within the MVVM pattern, as it reduces the risk of crashes or data inconsistency due to improper handling of UI updates from background threads.

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2 Use Coroutines

Coroutines are a way of writing asynchronous code in a sequential and readable way. They are based on the concept of suspending functions, which can pause and resume their execution without blocking the thread. Coroutines are supported by Kotlin, a modern and concise programming language that is interoperable with Java. You can use coroutines to perform background tasks, such as fetching data from a network or a database, and then update the viewmodel and the LiveData accordingly. Coroutines also offer various tools and libraries to handle concurrency, such as scopes, contexts, dispatchers, and channels.

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Abhay Yadav

Senior Android Developer@ Thoughtworks | 8+ Years of Experience | Expertise in Kotlin, Java, MVVM, MVI, Jetpack Compose, Coroutines, Retrofit, Dagger/Hilt and Room | CI/CD | Flutter | React Native
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Even though Java doesn't natively support Kotlin coroutines, we can use them in mixed environments for cleaner asynchronous code. Coroutines simplify thread management, using Dispatchers.IO for background tasks and Dispatchers.Main for UI updates. In Java-only projects, we need to stick to native threading, but in Java-heavy projects with Kotlin, we can integrate coroutines to streamline async work and improve code efficiency.

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3 Use Executors

Executors are a framework that allows you to manage the execution of tasks in a pool of threads. They are part of the Java concurrency API, and they can be used to run tasks in parallel, schedule them for future execution, or cancel them if needed. Executors can be useful for performing long-running or CPU-intensive tasks that are not suitable for coroutines, such as image processing or encryption. You can use executors to run these tasks and then post the results to the viewmodel and the LiveData using the main thread handler.

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4 Use Synchronization

Synchronization is a mechanism that ensures that only one thread can access a shared resource at a time. It is essential to avoid data inconsistency, race conditions, or deadlocks when multiple threads are modifying the same data. Synchronization can be achieved using various techniques, such as locks, semaphores, or monitors. You can use synchronization to protect the data that is shared between the model and the viewmodel, or between different instances of the viewmodel. However, you should be careful not to overuse synchronization, as it can degrade the performance or cause thread starvation.

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5 Use Reactive Streams

Reactive streams are a standard for asynchronous and non-blocking data streams that support backpressure. Backpressure is a way of controlling the flow of data between the producer and the consumer, so that the consumer can signal how much data it can handle at a time. Reactive streams can be useful for dealing with large or infinite data sources, such as sensors, web sockets, or event streams. You can use reactive streams to create observable data sources for the viewmodel and the LiveData, and to apply transformations, filters, or operators on them. Reactive streams can be implemented using various libraries, such as RxJava, Flow, or Reactor.

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How do you deal with concurrency and threading issues in MVVM with Java?

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1 Use LiveData

2 Use Coroutines

3 Use Executors

4 Use Synchronization

5 Use Reactive Streams

Model-view-viewmodel (MVVM)

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