How do you conduct post-incident reviews and lessons learned using the NIST guide framework?

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When a security incident occurs, you need to respond quickly and effectively to contain, analyze, and resolve the situation. But your work is not done when the incident is over. You also need to conduct a post-incident review and learn from the experience. This will help you improve your incident response capabilities, identify root causes, and prevent future incidents.

In this article, we will show you how to use the NIST Incident Response Guide to conduct post-incident reviews and lessons learned. The NIST guide is a comprehensive framework that covers all aspects of incident response, from preparation to recovery. It also provides best practices, templates, and checklists for conducting post-incident activities.

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1 What is a Post-Incident Review?

A post-incident review is a process that evaluates the incident response performance, identifies strengths and weaknesses, and documents lessons learned. It involves collecting and analyzing data, interviewing stakeholders, and reporting findings and recommendations. The purpose of a post-incident review is to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the incident response process and team, identify gaps in the incident response plan, policies, procedures, tools, and skills, capture knowledge gained from the incident, and implement corrective and preventive actions to address root causes and mitigate risks.

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Mark Savage

CEO & Co-founder
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The incident response process is built off a lifecycle model contained within NIST SP 800-61r2. From the lifecycle view, post-incident activities are described in Section 3.4 of the guidance. However, I would categorize the guidance as "lite" because it offers some simple steps to perform in support of incident reporting but does not provide a method/explanation for performing Root-Cause Analysis (RCA).

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2 What is the NIST Guide Framework?

The NIST guide framework, developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, is a set of guidelines and standards for incident response. It consists of four phases: Preparation, Detection and Analysis, Containment, Eradication, and Recovery, and Post-Incident Activity. Preparation activities include defining roles and responsibilities, establishing policies and procedures, developing plans and checklists, training and testing staff, and acquiring and maintaining tools and resources. Detection and Analysis activities involve monitoring and logging systems, analyzing and prioritizing events, collecting and preserving evidence, and reporting and escalating incidents. Containment, Eradication, and Recovery activities involve isolating and removing incidents such as containing affected systems, eradicating malicious code, restoring normal operations, and validating system integrity. Finally, Post-Incident Activity involves conducting post-incident reviews, implementing lessons learned, updating plans and procedures, and reporting and sharing information.

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Mark Savage

CEO & Co-founder
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The NIST Guide Framework was built on two documents. The first being NIST SP 800-37r1 Risk Management Framework (RMF) and the second being NIST SP 800-53r5 - Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations. These documents form the basis for Risk Management. To extend the guidance outside of the US Public Sector to US Critical Infrastructure commercial sectors (i.e., finance, energy, healthcare, etc.) the NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) version 1.1 was created that organize risk management into Functions: Detection, Identification, Protection, Response, and Recovery. For Post-Incident actions guidance in the CSF are illustrated in the Response and Recovery functions.

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3 How to Conduct a Post-Incident Review Using the NIST Guide Framework?

To conduct a post-incident review using the NIST guide framework, you need to plan the review by defining the scope, objectives, timeline, and participants. Additionally, assign roles and responsibilities, such as facilitator, recorder, presenter, and reviewer. Moreover, gather and organize data collected during the incident response. During the review, hold a meeting or series of meetings with relevant stakeholders and use NIST guide templates and checklists to guide the discussion and evaluation. Furthermore, review the incident response process and performance, identify what went well and what did not, analyze root causes and impacts of the incident, and generate findings and recommendations. Afterwards, write a report summarizing the results of the review that includes background information, objectives, scope, methodology, participants, findings, recommendations, action items, and lessons learned. Additionally, use NIST guide templates and checklists to format and structure the report. Distribute the report to appropriate stakeholders and authorities. Lastly, follow up on action items and recommendations from the review by assigning owners and deadlines for each task. Monitor progress of tasks while updating incident response plan policies procedures tools and skills based on lessons learned. Communicate changes and improvements with relevant stakeholders.

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Mark Savage

CEO & Co-founder
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The controls described within the NIST CSF functions for Response and Recovery will provide limited guidance. These controls will refer to NIST SP 800-39 Managed Security Risk and SP 800-30r1 Risk Assessment. However, they do not illustrate an RCA so you will need to supplement with another method.

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Alaa-Eddine Boubakri ????

???? Top Cybersecurity Voice ?? | Cybersecurity Advisor | NIST | ISO 27001 | (ISC)2 Candidate | C???????? P??s???? CEH/CISSP
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??Engage incident response, IT, and management teams using NIST CSF and SP 800-37r1 RMF guidelines. ??Apply NIST CSF functions: Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, Recover to structure the post-incident review. ??Map insights to NIST SP 800-53r5 controls to enhance compliance and security. ??Leverage SP 800-37r1 RMF to assess risks and integrate lessons into risk management. ??Hold lessons-learned sessions to refine detection and response, aligning with NIST CSF. ??Prepare an after-action report linked to SP 800-53r5 recommendations for improvement. ??Update response plans and security controls based on NIST CSF, SP 800-37r1, and SP 800-53r5 frameworks.

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4 What are the Benefits of Using the NIST Guide Framework?

Utilizing the NIST guide framework for post-incident reviews and lessons learned can offer a multitude of advantages for your organization. These include enhancing incident response capabilities and maturity, improving security posture and resilience, reducing the potential of future incidents, increasing compliance with regulations and standards, and building trust and reputation with customers and partners.

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Nicholas M.

CISO @ Scrut Automation | Building Security | ex-DHS, Expedia
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Incident response preparedness is one of the highest value returns on investment you can get for your time and money in managing security programs. Waiting until you have a major crisis is the worst time to figure out who, what, when, and where you'll respond to incidents.

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5 How to Learn More About the NIST Guide Framework?

To learn more about the NIST guide framework and how to apply it to your incident response process, you can visit the NIST website and download the NIST Special Publication 800-61 Revision 2: Computer Security Incident Handling Guide, watch the NIST video series on Incident Response, join the NIST Community of Interest for Incident Response, or attend the NIST training courses and workshops on Incident Response.

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Iain White

Tech Consultant | IT Leader | Mentor | Virtual CTO | Leadership Coach | Project Manager | Scrum Master | IT Strategy | Digital Transformation | IT Governance | Agile | Lean | Theory Of Constraints | SaaS | Brisbane.
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In my experience, integrating the NIST guide framework into post-incident reviews significantly enhances our security posture. At White Internet, we've adapted NIST's Special Publication 800-61 to our incident response process, tailoring it to fit our specific IT landscape. This personalized approach allows us to focus on actionable insights and strategic improvements. We consistently find that reviewing incidents through the NIST lens helps identify not only what went wrong but also highlights systemic strengths, which is crucial for fostering resilience and preventing future breaches.

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How do you conduct post-incident reviews and lessons learned using the NIST guide framework?

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1 What is a Post-Incident Review?

2 What is the NIST Guide Framework?

3 How to Conduct a Post-Incident Review Using the NIST Guide Framework?

4 What are the Benefits of Using the NIST Guide Framework?

5 How to Learn More About the NIST Guide Framework?

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