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How do you choose the most suitable foundation for different site conditions and loads?

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Choosing the right foundation for your project is crucial for its stability, performance, and durability. A foundation is the part of a structure that transfers the load to the ground, and it must be designed to suit the site conditions and the type of structure. In this article, we will explore the different types of foundations and how to select the most suitable one for different scenarios.

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MUHAMMAD WAQAS (PCQI)

Top Laboratory Technique Voice ??| Geotechnical & Material Testing Lab Manager?? | Expert in Lab Operations &…
Adigun Akeem, C.E.T. P.Geo. PMP?

Engineering Geoscientist | Project Management | Geotechnical Engineering | Passionate about Mining & Environmental…
Darren K. Nelson

Master's ?? in Construction Management | Expert in Project Delivery from Estimating to Warranty Management | Crafts…

1 Shallow foundations

Shallow foundations are the most common and simplest type of foundations, as they are placed near the surface of the ground and require minimal excavation. They are suitable for sites with firm and uniform soil, and for structures with light to moderate loads. Shallow foundations can be classified into four main types: strip, pad, raft, and mat foundations. Strip foundations are long and narrow, and support linear structures such as walls or columns. Pad foundations are square or rectangular, and support isolated columns or piers. Raft foundations are large and continuous, and cover the entire footprint of the structure. Mat foundations are similar to raft foundations, but are thicker and reinforced with steel or concrete.

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MUHAMMAD WAQAS (PCQI)

Top Laboratory Technique Voice ??| Geotechnical & Material Testing Lab Manager?? | Expert in Lab Operations & Management | ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Certified ??, Member CQI & A2LA
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This involves conducting thorough site investigations to understand soil types, rock formations, groundwater levels, and potential geological hazards by analyzing these factors. I recommend the appropriate foundation type, whether shallow foundations like spread footings or deep foundations such as piles or caissons. The selection also considers the anticipated structural loads and the distribution of those loads. This comprehensive assessment ensures the safety and stability of structures, and it often involves a collaborative effort with structural engineers and architects to make informed decisions that align with both the geological and structural requirements of a project.

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Adigun Akeem, C.E.T. P.Geo. PMP?

Engineering Geoscientist | Project Management | Geotechnical Engineering | Passionate about Mining & Environmental Consulting
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This method is also cost effective of all foundations types and definitely requires solid ground for which it is built on. This method can effectively support light structures.

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2 Deep foundations

Deep foundations are used when the soil near the surface is weak, unstable, or compressible, or when the structure has heavy or eccentric loads. They are placed at a greater depth than shallow foundations, and transfer the load to a stronger or more stable layer of soil or rock. Deep foundations can be divided into two main categories: pile and pier foundations. Pile foundations are long and slender, and are driven, bored, or cast into the ground. They can be made of timber, steel, concrete, or composite materials, and can be end-bearing or friction piles. Pier foundations are similar to pile foundations, but are larger in diameter and shorter in length. They are usually drilled or excavated into the ground, and can be filled with concrete or grout.

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Adigun Akeem, C.E.T. P.Geo. PMP?

Engineering Geoscientist | Project Management | Geotechnical Engineering | Passionate about Mining & Environmental Consulting
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This foundation method is quite expensive, requires much time for its construction and special expertise in various quality control and assurance measures to mitigate unforeseeable issues which may come up after its construction.

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Darren K. Nelson

Master's ?? in Construction Management | Expert in Project Delivery from Estimating to Warranty Management | Crafts through Engineering Workflows | Lifelong Builder ??????????
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Selecting the appropriate deep foundation depends on site conditions and loads. Begin by conducting thorough geotechnical investigations to understand soil properties and bearing capacity. Consider pile foundations with materials like steel, concrete, or timber for heavy loads or unstable soils. Driven piles are ideal for cohesive soils, while bored piles are more suitable for granular soils. For expansive soils, drilled piers or caissons provide stability. Utilize dynamic testing and load-bearing simulations to fine-tune your choice. Collaborate with geotechnical experts to ensure the foundation type aligns with site-specific requirements, ultimately guaranteeing the structural integrity of your project while meeting load demands.

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3 Factors affecting foundation selection

The selection of the most suitable foundation for a given project is determined by a variety of factors, including the type, size, shape, and function of the structure; the load characteristics, such as magnitude, distribution, direction, and duration; the soil properties, such as strength, stiffness, density, permeability, and variability; the groundwater conditions, such as depth, pressure, and quality; the environmental conditions, such as climate, seismicity, erosion, and vegetation; and the economic and technical feasibility, such as cost, time, availability, and reliability.

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Adediji Ogunfuwa PgDip, M.Sc.

Subsurface/ Environment/ Earthworks
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Totally agree with these determining factors. It is one of the most critical stages when it comes to foundation design. Knowledge about the immediate topography, subsurface geology, ground water regime, and the natural/ built environment plays an intricate role in foundation selection.

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4 Foundation design process

The foundation design process involves several steps, from the initial site investigation to the foundation monitoring. Site investigation is the most important step, as it provides the necessary information about the soil and groundwater conditions, as well as potential hazards and constraints. Foundation analysis is where the foundation type and size are determined based on load and soil data, design criteria, and codes. Foundation construction is when the foundation is built according to specifications and drawings, along with quality control and safety measures. Lastly, foundation monitoring observes and evaluates the performance of the foundation during and after construction, as well as maintenance and repair actions.

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5 Foundation problems and solutions

Sometimes, foundations may experience problems or failures due to various reasons, such as design errors, construction defects, soil changes, load changes, or environmental impacts. Common signs of foundation problems are cracks, settlement, heave, tilt, rotation, vibration, and leakage. Solutions for foundation problems include repair or retrofit, replacement or relocation, and prevention or mitigation. Repair or retrofit involves methods such as grouting, underpinning, jacking, anchoring, or wrapping. Replacement or relocation involves methods such as demolition, excavation, piling, or piering. Prevention or mitigation involves methods such as drainage, stabilization, consolidation, or isolation. Selecting the right foundation for a project is a complex and critical task that requires careful planning, analysis, construction and monitoring. By understanding the different types of foundations and how to select the most suitable one for different site conditions and loads can ensure the success and safety of a project.

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Darren K. Nelson

Master's ?? in Construction Management | Expert in Project Delivery from Estimating to Warranty Management | Crafts through Engineering Workflows | Lifelong Builder ??????????
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Selecting the right foundation hinges on understanding site conditions and loads. Address potential problems proactively. Opt for deep foundations like drilled piers or caissons for expansive soils to counteract settlement issues. Consider using piles to ensure stability during seismic events in areas prone to liquefaction. Addressing high water tables or soft soils might necessitate pile foundations. Conduct comprehensive geotechnical investigations to detect hidden challenges. Collaborate with experts to employ tailored solutions. Regular inspections and maintenance routines safeguard against future foundation issues, ensuring long-term stability for your structure, even in challenging site conditions.

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How do you choose the most suitable foundation for different site conditions and loads?

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1 Shallow foundations

2 Deep foundations

3 Factors affecting foundation selection

4 Foundation design process

5 Foundation problems and solutions

Engineering Geology

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