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How do you choose between scripting and compiled languages for a large-scale web app?

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When you are developing a large-scale web app, one of the important decisions you have to make is what programming language to use. There are many factors to consider, such as performance, scalability, security, maintainability, and developer productivity. In this article, we will compare two broad categories of languages: scripting and compiled, and discuss how to choose between them for your web app.

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1 Scripting languages

Scripting languages are high-level languages that are interpreted or run by another program at runtime, rather than compiled into executable code beforehand - popular examples include Python, Ruby, PHP, JavaScript, and Perl. These languages offer distinct advantages for web app development. For instance, they are easy to learn and write due to their simple syntax and dynamic typing; they also have built-in libraries. Moreover, scripting languages are flexible and adaptable, as you can change the code without recompiling or restarting the app. They are also cross-platform and portable, running on different operating systems and environments with minimal changes. Finally, scripting languages are ideal for rapid prototyping and agile development as they let you iterate and test ideas quickly.

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Manish Vohal

Director of Technology @ SEI | Generative AI, Project Management
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In my experience the response to this question has to balance various NFRs for the project. To start with scripting languages offer rapid prototyping which means faster release cadence, are generally faster than compiled languages even though compiled languages can be optimized for CPU intensive tasks. However if the NFR with greater weight is maintainability, scalability and security - then compiled languages are a better bet. The best approach can however be a balanced approached of hybrid implementation where you get speed of a scripted language on front-end and for middle and back-end use compiled language extensively.

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Bhuvnesh Vermani

Cloud Application Architect
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In my opinion scripting languages are the better choice for web-based and internet-connected development. In many such projects, developers work to expand or enhance a program or app using an existing framework. Since scripting languages do not require memory, they are the preferred choice for online development. For large-scale projects, scripting languages may be too slow and limiting. In addition to business systems, some mobile device apps requiring a high level of performance rely on Java or C++. Once the original program is complete, scripting languages can add functionality and enhancements. Moreover the core logic of any business vertical has to be in compiled language.

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Sujan Mukherjee

Senior Developer | Turning idea to reality through tech
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It's like picking between sneakers and hiking boots for a trip. Scripting languages (like JavaScript or Python) are your sneakers – easy to slip on, great for a casual stroll, but maybe not the best for a marathon. They're quick and flexible, perfect for when you want to move fast and make changes on the fly. Compiled languages (like C# or Java) are your hiking boots – takes a bit to lace up, but once you're on the trail, you're solid. They're about power and efficiency, especially when your app's got a lot of ground to cover. So, think about your trek (project needs), your walking style (team's skills), and the path ahead (app complexity). There's no one-size-fits-all, just what fits your journey best.

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2 Compiled languages

Compiled languages are low-level languages that are translated into executable code by a compiler before running, such as C, C++, Java, C#, and Go. These languages offer a number of advantages for web app development, like being fast and efficient due to running directly on the hardware and having better memory management and optimization. Additionally, compiled languages are reliable and secure due to their strict syntax, static typing, and error checking at compile time. Moreover, they are scalable and robust enough to handle large and complex applications with high performance and concurrency. Lastly, they are compatible and interoperable due to their ability to communicate with other languages and systems through APIs and libraries.

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3 Trade-offs and criteria

When it comes to web app development, scripting and compiled languages have their own unique advantages and disadvantages. There’s no one-size-fits-all answer to which language is best; it depends on the project requirements, preferences, and resources. However, you can use criteria such as the size and scope of your app, the functionality and features of your app, and the availability and skill of your developers to guide your decision. For example, if your app is small and simple, a scripting language may be preferable for its speed of development. On the other hand, if your app is large and complex, a compiled language may be more reliable and scalable. Additionally, if you have a small and diverse team of developers, you may prefer a scripting language for its accessibility. Conversely, if you have a large and specialized team of developers, a compiled language may be more compatible and interoperable.

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Yuvaraj Madheswaran

GM Financial
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The consideration of the development team's skills and accessibility is a practical aspect. It mirrors real-world scenarios where, for instance, a scripting language with simpler syntax and quick feedback loops might be more accessible for a diverse team with varying expertise levels. Conversely, a compiled language might be the choice when working with a highly specialized team aiming for performance and fine-grained control.

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4 Hybrid and transpiled languages

Another option to consider when developing a web app is using a hybrid or transpiled language, such as Python, Ruby, Java, TypeScript, CoffeeScript, and Dart. These languages offer several benefits, including bridging the gap between scripting and compiled languages with their high-level abstraction and low-level control. Additionally, they enable you to use features and libraries from different languages to enhance the functionality and compatibility of your app. Furthermore, they can improve the quality and maintainability of your code by enforcing best practices and standards.

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5 Examples and frameworks

Choosing between scripting and compiled languages for your web app can be difficult, so here are some examples of popular web apps and the languages and frameworks they use. For example, Facebook uses a combination of PHP, Hack, C++, and Java for its backend, while JavaScript, React, and GraphQL are used for its frontend. PHP and Hack are scripting languages that enable fast and dynamic development, while C++ and Java are compiled languages that provide high performance and scalability. Netflix uses a combination of Java, Python, and Go for its backend, with JavaScript, React, and TypeScript for its frontend. Java and Go are compiled languages that offer reliability and concurrency, while Python is a scripting language that allows flexibility and adaptability. Finally, Airbnb uses a combination of Ruby, Java, and Go for its backend alongside JavaScript, React, and Ruby for its frontend. Ruby is a scripting language that enables rapid prototyping and agile development; whereas Java and Go are compiled languages that ensure security and robustness.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Fiona Githaiga

Molecular biologist/ biotechnologist
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Long-term Maintenance and Extensibility: Think about the long-term maintenance requirements and the ease of extending your web app. Compiled languages often provide stronger type systems and better tools for managing large codebases, which can be advantageous as your project evolves. Personal Experience: As our web app evolved, we encountered challenges related to code maintainability. Transitioning to a compiled language with a robust IDE and strong typing significantly improved the development experience and reduced the likelihood of introducing bugs during updates.

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How do you choose between scripting and compiled languages for a large-scale web app?

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1 Scripting languages

2 Compiled languages

3 Trade-offs and criteria

4 Hybrid and transpiled languages

5 Examples and frameworks

6 Here’s what else to consider

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