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How do you choose the best modulation technique?

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Modulation is the process of changing the characteristics of a carrier signal, such as its amplitude, frequency, or phase, to encode information or data. Modulation techniques are essential for telecommunications systems, as they enable efficient and reliable transmission of signals over different channels and media. But how do you choose the best modulation technique for your system? In this article, we will discuss some of the factors and trade-offs that influence this decision, and some of the common modulation schemes used in telecommunications.

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Grant Taylor

Navigation, Radar and Broadcast systems
Engineer Hilmi

Engineer Telecom and IT

1 Factor 1: Bandwidth

One of the main factors that affects the choice of modulation technique is the bandwidth of the channel or medium that you are using to transmit your signal. Bandwidth is the range of frequencies that can be transmitted or received by a channel or medium, and it determines how much information or data can be encoded in a signal. The higher the bandwidth, the more data can be transmitted in a given time. However, higher bandwidth also means higher cost, higher noise, and higher interference. Therefore, you need to balance the bandwidth requirements of your system with the available resources and constraints.

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Grant Taylor

Navigation, Radar and Broadcast systems
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Bandwidth or I like say is the amount spectrum efficiency that is possible, how much error correction is required, can this be minimized or removed to save bandwidth. Another factor is noise reduction how shape the signal within a fixed bandwidth making easier to recover the information sent at receiving end. The most important is type of propagation used for the signal path, Ground wave, Sky wave, Space wave and so on, this will impact the types of usable modulation techniques.

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Engineer Hilmi

Engineer Telecom and IT
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Choosing the best modulation technique for a communication system depends on various factors, including the specific application, available bandwidth, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and system requirements. Here are the key steps to consider when selecting a modulation technique: Understand System Requirements: Determine the data rate or throughput required for your communication system. Consider the available bandwidth and spectrum regulations. Evaluate the expected range or coverage area for your communication link. Assess Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR): Calculate or estimate the SNR of your communication channel. This is a crucial parameter that affects the choice of modulation.

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2 Factor 2: Power

Another factor that influences the choice of modulation technique is the power of the transmitter and the receiver. Power is the amount of energy that is used or consumed by a device or a system, and it affects the quality and reliability of the signal transmission. Higher power means higher signal strength, higher signal-to-noise ratio, and higher immunity to noise and interference. However, higher power also means higher cost, higher heat, and higher environmental impact. Therefore, you need to balance the power requirements of your system with the performance and efficiency goals.

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Grant Taylor

Navigation, Radar and Broadcast systems
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This where it is important to know your operating factors, such as path loss type of propagation and factors that change within the RF path over time. The power gain could be in the amplifier or the antenna system used, also type amplification, required, linear or non-linear. with experimentation and testing I have found, that Classes of the amplification become very important, this will have an impact on the power efficiency. Another is to minimize transmission losses throughout transmitter stages, also between the transmitter and the antenna system. There is the importance of the location of the transmission site, for example FM broadcasting needs to be a high location, top of a building or a hill top, for so called line of site path.

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3 Factor 3: Complexity

A third factor that affects the choice of modulation technique is the complexity of the transmitter and the receiver. Complexity is the level of difficulty or sophistication that is involved in implementing or operating a device or a system, and it affects the cost and feasibility of the signal transmission. Higher complexity means higher data rate, higher spectral efficiency, and higher flexibility. However, higher complexity also means higher hardware cost, higher software cost, and higher maintenance cost. Therefore, you need to balance the complexity requirements of your system with the budget and expertise constraints.

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Grant Taylor

Navigation, Radar and Broadcast systems
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The type of modulation used is based on the type propagation that the signal is sent across, is it analog or digital information. If it is analog complexity goes up with pre-distortion and the amount noise reduction that is encoded. With digital there is pre-distortion as well, with some type of error correction used to help in recovering the data. Modulation comes into play here, if the RF path is of good quality then both phase, amplitude and polarization can used, to maximize information throughput. Under poor path quality, some form of frequency modulation has an advantage, as the amplitude has a grater impact from noise. This is why I like to keep it simple and to minimize the a mount of complexity.

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4 Common Schemes

In telecommunications systems and applications, there are various modulation schemes that can be employed depending on the trade-offs and factors involved. These include amplitude modulation (AM), which changes the amplitude of the carrier signal according to the data and is used for broadcasting radio signals, but has low bandwidth efficiency and low immunity to noise. Frequency modulation (FM) is more complex and changes the frequency of the carrier signal; it is used for broadcasting audio signals but has high bandwidth consumption and high interference. Phase modulation (PM) is a sophisticated technique that changes the phase of the carrier signal; it is used for transmitting digital signals but has high complexity and power consumption. Lastly, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a hybrid technique combining amplitude and phase modulation to encode more data; it is used for transmitting high-speed data over cable or wireless channels, but has high sensitivity to noise and distortion.

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Grant Taylor

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This is my job, to explaining the trade-offs to customer and to highlight the best option that fit the requirements been asked for.

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5 Tips and Tricks

Choosing the best modulation technique for your telecommunications system is not an easy feat. You need to define system requirements and specifications, such as data rate, power, quality, and security. Compare and evaluate different modulation schemes based on their advantages and disadvantages, such as cost, efficiency, performance, and flexibility. Then test and simulate your system with different modulation schemes to measure and optimize their performance and compatibility. Lastly, consult with experts and professionals in the field of telecommunications systems to get their feedback and recommendations. Following these steps will help you make a more informed decision that can enhance your system's functionality and performance.

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Grant Taylor

Navigation, Radar and Broadcast systems
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The best modulation technique is also based on the type of radio propagation used and the type information sent, analog or digital. I base my recommendations on wide range of factors, that come from working in telecommunications for many years, across a range of telecommunications industries.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How do you choose the best modulation technique?

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 Factor 1: Bandwidth

2 Factor 2: Power

3 Factor 3: Complexity

4 Common Schemes

5 Tips and Tricks

6 Here’s what else to consider

Telecommunications Systems

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How do you choose the best modulation technique?

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 Factor 1: Bandwidth

2 Factor 2: Power

3 Factor 3: Complexity

4 Common Schemes

5 Tips and Tricks

6 Here’s what else to consider

Telecommunications Systems

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