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Last updated on 2024年8月8日

How do you avoid work hardening and thermal deformation when CNC machining stainless steel?

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Stainless steel is a popular and versatile material for CNC machining, but it also poses some challenges. It can harden and deform during the cutting process, affecting the quality and accuracy of the final product. How do you avoid these problems and achieve optimal results? Here are some tips and best practices for CNC machining stainless steel.

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Juan Valdez, CLSSBB

Mechanical Engineering | Program Management |Lean Six Sigma Black Belt | NPI | Continuous Improvement | R&D |…
Delia Tam

Export Manager|CNC Machining Shop|Machined Parts|Trusted by Top 3 Companies

1 Choose the right tool

The first step is to select a suitable cutting tool for the type and grade of stainless steel you are working with. Different alloys have different properties, such as corrosion resistance, strength, and machinability. You want a tool that can withstand the high temperatures, pressures, and abrasion that stainless steel generates. Generally, carbide or coated tools are recommended, as they have higher hardness, wear resistance, and heat conductivity than high-speed steel (HSS) tools. You also want a tool with a positive rake angle, a large helix angle, and a sharp edge to reduce the cutting force and friction.

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Delia Tam

Export Manager|CNC Machining Shop|Machined Parts|Trusted by Top 3 Companies
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Some tips work out well fyi. 1. Use cutting tools specifically designed for machining stainless steel. Consider both the tool material and the surface coatings. 2. Optimize cutting parameters to ensure efficient material removal without generating excessive heat. Employ high cutting speeds to minimize dwell time and reduce heat buildup. 3. Use ample coolant or lubrication to dissipate heat during the machining process. Consider coolants with high lubricity to reduce friction and heat generation. 4. Optimize the tool paths to minimize sharp changes in direction and reduce the risk of sudden temperature spikes in the cutting zone. 5. Preheating the material if applicable. It may help reduce thermal shock and prevent work hardening.

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2 Adjust the feed and speed

The next step is to adjust the feed and speed of the CNC machine according to the tool and material specifications. Feed and speed are two of the most important factors that affect the quality and efficiency of CNC machining. Feed refers to the rate at which the tool moves along the workpiece, while speed refers to the rate at which the tool rotates. The optimal feed and speed depend on the type and size of the tool, the depth and width of the cut, the hardness and toughness of the material, and the desired surface finish and accuracy. Generally, stainless steel requires lower feed and speed than other metals, as it has a high strength-to-weight ratio and a low thermal conductivity. This means that it can resist deformation and retain heat, leading to work hardening and thermal expansion. To avoid these issues, you want to use a feed and speed that can remove enough material to prevent work hardening, but not too fast or too slow to cause excessive heat or chatter.

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3 Use coolant and lubricant

The third step is to use adequate coolant and lubricant during the CNC machining process. Coolant and lubricant serve several purposes, such as reducing heat, friction, and wear, improving surface finish and accuracy, and preventing corrosion and rust. Coolant and lubricant can be applied in different ways, such as spraying, flooding, misting, or dripping, depending on the type and amount of fluid and the configuration of the machine and the tool. For stainless steel, you want to use a coolant and lubricant that can provide sufficient cooling and lubrication, as well as prevent oxidation and staining. Generally, water-soluble or synthetic fluids are preferred, as they have better cooling properties and lower viscosity than oil-based fluids. You also want to use a high pressure and volume of coolant and lubricant to flush away the chips and prevent them from sticking to the tool or the workpiece.

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Juan Valdez, CLSSBB

Mechanical Engineering | Program Management |Lean Six Sigma Black Belt | NPI | Continuous Improvement | R&D | Increase Sales & EBIT% | Reduce Costs | Innovator |
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1. Use Coolant and Lubricant: Apply appropriate coolant to manage heat and reduce friction. 2. Optimize Cutting Parameters: Adjust speed and feed rates to minimize heat buildup. 3. Select Proper Tools: Use high-quality, heat-resistant cutting tools. 4. Maintain Tool Condition: Regularly check and replace worn tools. Best practices for cryogenic machining: - Integrate Cryogenic Techniques: Use cryogenic cooling to significantly lower temperatures and reduce thermal effects. - Combine Coolants: Utilize cryogenic cooling alongside traditional coolants for optimal results. - Monitor Performance: Adjust techniques based on machining performance and material response.

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4 Optimize the tool path

The fourth step is to optimize the tool path for the CNC machining operation. The tool path is the sequence of movements that the tool follows to create the desired shape and features on the workpiece. The tool path can affect the quality and efficiency of CNC machining, as well as the tool life and wear. For stainless steel, you want to use a tool path that can minimize the number of passes, changes in direction, and interruptions, as well as maximize the contact area and consistency of the cut. This can help reduce the heat, stress, and vibration that can cause work hardening and thermal deformation. Some examples of tool path strategies that can achieve this are trochoidal milling, adaptive clearing, high-speed machining, and constant engagement angle.

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5 Monitor and measure

The fifth step is to monitor and measure the CNC machining process and the final product. Monitoring and measuring can help you detect and correct any errors or deviations that may occur during the machining process, such as tool wear, tool breakage, tool deflection, surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, or geometric tolerance. You can use various methods and instruments to monitor and measure the CNC machining process and the final product, such as sensors, cameras, gauges, calipers, micrometers, or coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). By monitoring and measuring, you can ensure that the CNC machining process is running smoothly and efficiently, and that the final product meets the specifications and expectations.

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6 Maintain and clean

The sixth step is to maintain and clean the CNC machine, the tool, and the workpiece after the CNC machining process. Maintaining and cleaning can help you prolong the life and performance of the machine, the tool, and the workpiece, as well as prevent any damage or contamination that may affect the quality or safety of the final product. You can use various methods and products to maintain and clean the CNC machine, the tool, and the workpiece, such as compressed air, brushes, wipes, solvents, or protective coatings. By maintaining and cleaning, you can ensure that the CNC machine, the tool, and the workpiece are in good condition and ready for the next CNC machining operation or application.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

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How do you avoid work hardening and thermal deformation when CNC machining stainless steel?

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1 Choose the right tool

2 Adjust the feed and speed

3 Use coolant and lubricant

4 Optimize the tool path

5 Monitor and measure

6 Maintain and clean

7 Here’s what else to consider

Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

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