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How do you apply systems thinking and systems engineering principles to software development?

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Systems thinking and systems engineering are two complementary approaches that can help you design, develop, and deliver software solutions that meet the needs and expectations of your clients and users. Systems thinking is a way of looking at the big picture, understanding how the different parts of a system interact and influence each other, and identifying the root causes of problems and the potential impacts of changes. Systems engineering is a discipline that applies systems thinking principles and methods to define, analyze, design, implement, test, and manage complex systems, such as software systems. In this article, you will learn how to apply systems thinking and systems engineering principles to software development, and how they can benefit your projects.

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Mohammed Zain Mubark

MSc, PMP?, ACP?, PBA?, RMP?, SSYB, SFC,TOT, Project Management | Business Analysis | R&D | Data Analysis | Risk Analysis
Thiarê Kiapine Costa

Pai do Arthur | Gerente de Plataformas e Dados @openfinancebrasil | Co-founder @3Car | Desenvolvendo pessoas com…
Linwood Jarratt

Adept at strategic planning, process standardization, business analysis, and always looking to learn and teach others.

1 Define the system

The first step in applying systems thinking and systems engineering to software development is to define the system that you are working on. This means clarifying the purpose, scope, boundaries, context, and stakeholders of the system, as well as the requirements, constraints, assumptions, and risks that affect it. You can use various tools and techniques to define the system, such as stakeholder analysis, use cases, scenarios, functional analysis, system diagrams, and system models. Defining the system helps you establish a common understanding of the problem and the solution, and guides your decision making throughout the development process.

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Mohammed Zain Mubark

MSc, PMP?, ACP?, PBA?, RMP?, SSYB, SFC,TOT, Project Management | Business Analysis | R&D | Data Analysis | Risk Analysis
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The term 'system' can be defined in multiple contexts, but fundamentally, it refers to a set of interconnected or interdependent components forming a complex whole. These components, whether physical, digital, conceptual, or a mix, work together to achieve a common objective or perform a specific function. A system's components may include objects, people, processes, information, and other elements. Systems are often characterized by their structure (the organization and interaction of parts), their function (the system's purpose or output), and their boundaries (what is considered part of the system and what is external to it).

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Thiarê Kiapine Costa

Pai do Arthur | Gerente de Plataformas e Dados @openfinancebrasil | Co-founder @3Car | Desenvolvendo pessoas com #carisma
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A good dynamic to acquire all this information is running a discovery. Getting all stakeholders together in a session and ask them “what the system is?” (requirements of the system), “what it is not?” (limit of the scope). This way all “do and don’ts” are shared, discussed, and aligned, giving a higher understanding of that the system is going to accomplish. I’m my experience, most failures in delivering value and meeting deadlines are caused by lack of proper connection between expectation and actual deliveries. Guaranteeing this connection is strong and everyone is set in the right direction is key for this first step in system engineering.

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2 Analyze the system

The next step is to analyze the system, which means examining how the system works, how it interacts with other systems and the environment, and how it performs under different conditions and scenarios. You can use various tools and techniques to analyze the system, such as system dynamics, causal loop diagrams, behavior models, state machines, simulation, testing, and verification. Analyzing the system helps you identify the strengths and weaknesses of the system, the opportunities and threats that affect it, and the trade-offs and alternatives that you need to consider.

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Linwood Jarratt

Adept at strategic planning, process standardization, business analysis, and always looking to learn and teach others.
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Analyzing the system also allows you to identify any points of duplication that can be condensed into a single point streamlining the process.

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3 Design the system

The third step is to design the system, which means creating a detailed specification of the system architecture, components, interfaces, data, functions, and quality attributes. You can use various tools and techniques to design the system, such as modularization, abstraction, decomposition, coupling, cohesion, patterns, frameworks, and design models. Designing the system helps you translate the requirements into a feasible and optimal solution, and ensures that the system meets the desired functionality, reliability, usability, security, and maintainability.

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Thiarê Kiapine Costa

Pai do Arthur | Gerente de Plataformas e Dados @openfinancebrasil | Co-founder @3Car | Desenvolvendo pessoas com #carisma
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Design is a very important step and connecting it with the system requirements in clear ways is key to be successful in this step. I personally like a layer approach where we start with a high level applicational design and iterate it, going a layer down in detail each time. This may produce many different diagrams but it also connects with different audiences from the a less technical perspective to the more technical savvy. It is very important to focus on the interactions the system will have within it and to external parts. Defining clear interaction will make next step, the coding, way more easily to be execute and probably will compensate the time spent on the design phase.

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4 Implement the system

The fourth step is to implement the system, which means developing the software code, documentation, and configuration that realize the system design. You can use various tools and techniques to implement the system, such as programming languages, development environments, libraries, tools, standards, and best practices. Implementing the system helps you deliver a working product that satisfies the stakeholder needs and expectations, and complies with the system requirements and design.

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5 Test the system

The fifth step is to test the system, which means evaluating the system performance, quality, and functionality against the system requirements, design, and expectations. You can use various tools and techniques to test the system, such as test cases, test scenarios, test plans, test scripts, test automation, test tools, and test metrics. Testing the system helps you verify that the system works as intended, identify and correct any defects or errors, and ensure that the system meets the quality standards and criteria.

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6 Manage the system

The sixth step is to manage the system, which means planning, organizing, controlling, monitoring, and improving the system development process and product. You can use various tools and techniques to manage the system, such as project management, risk management, change management, configuration management, quality management, and process improvement. Managing the system helps you coordinate the activities and resources involved in the system development, ensure that the system meets the cost, schedule, and scope objectives, and continuously enhance the system performance and quality.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How do you apply systems thinking and systems engineering principles to software development?

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3

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1 Define the system

2 Analyze the system

3 Design the system

4 Implement the system

5 Test the system

6 Manage the system

7 Here’s what else to consider

Systems Analysis

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