How do encapsulation and abstraction differ?

Let's consider a vending machine as an example of encapsulation using food. In a vending machine, various snacks and beverages are encapsulated within the machine itself. Users interact with the vending machine through a simple interface—selecting the desired product and making a payment. They don't need to know how the machine stores the snacks or processes the transaction; they only interact with the provided interface. Similarly, in programming, encapsulation involves bundling data (snacks and beverages) and methods (vending process) within an object. The external code interacts with this object through defined methods or properties without needing to understand the internal workings, promoting security, abstraction, and ease of use.

Here is the summerized difference : > Encapsulation: is about bundling data and methods together within a class, controlling access to them, and hiding internal details. > Abstraction: is about simplifying complex systems by modeling classes based on their essential properties, providing a high-level view while ignoring specific implementation details.

Abstraction is general mechanism of hiding unnecessary details and highlighting required features. Encapsulation is the way to achieve abstraction.

To explain Abstraction using an example: think of a microwave oven. When you use a microwave, you interact with a simple interface - buttons for setting time and power. However, you don't need to know the intricate details of how the microwave works internally, such as the electronic circuits or the microwave radiation process. This simplification of the user interaction while hiding the complex internal workings is abstraction. In programming, abstraction involves defining essential features or behaviors of an object while hiding unnecessary implementation details. It allows developers to work at a higher level of understanding, focusing on what an object does rather than how it achieves it.

Objects are the building pieces of Object-Oriented Programming. An question contains a few properties and strategies. Ready to hide them from the external world through get to modifiers. Ready to give get to as it were for required capacities and properties to the other programs. An example I have seen is - Your car could be a extraordinary case of deliberation. You'll be able start a car by turning the key or squeezing the begin button. You don’t ought to know how the motor is getting begun, what all components your car has. The car inside usage and complex rationale is totally covered up from the client. We can achieve the abstraction in java by using interface and abstract class. By only providing abstract methods.

Encapsulation, achieved through bundling data and methods within a class and controlling access, establishes clear boundaries for object interactions. Abstraction simplifies complex systems by emphasizing essential features, often leading to the creation of common interfaces or abstract classes. These interfaces, in turn, facilitate polymorphism, enabling a single interface or reference to interact with diverse objects. Polymorphism relies on encapsulation's well-defined boundaries and abstraction's creation of commonality, allowing objects of different types to be treated uniformly. Together, these principles contribute to modular, readable, and flexible code, enhancing the effectiveness of object-oriented design.