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How can you use language corpora to develop assessment tools?

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If you are a language consultant or trainer, you might want to create assessment tools to measure your clients' or learners' language proficiency, needs, or progress. But how can you design reliable and valid tests or surveys that reflect real-world language use and expectations? One possible answer is to use language corpora.

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1 What are language corpora?

Language corpora are large collections of authentic texts or speech that are stored and analyzed electronically. They can represent different varieties, genres, domains, or levels of language. For example, you can find corpora of academic English, business English, spoken English, or learner English. By using specialized software, you can search for words, phrases, patterns, or features in the corpora and see how they are used in context.

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Efrain Pozo

International Freelance Consultant (Agriculture and Linguistics)
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English, as a global language, is adaptable and subject to this collection of electronically stored and analyzed texts, but other languages are not. That is why you can find corpora of business English, spoken English or English for students.

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Márcio Reis

Professor Especialista em Língua Inglesa.
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Using language corpora for assessment tool development involves compiling diverse samples, analyzing linguistic patterns, and designing tailored evaluation criteria based on identified trends, ensuring relevance and effectiveness.

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2 Why use language corpora for assessment?

Language corpora can help you create assessment tools that are based on evidence, not intuition or tradition. By using corpora, you can identify the most relevant, frequent, and appropriate language items and tasks for your target group and purpose. For example, if you want to assess the writing skills of academic English learners, you can use a corpus of academic texts to see what vocabulary, grammar, or discourse structures are typical and expected in that genre.

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Kristīna Korneliusa

Junior Lecturer & Expert at Latvijas Universitate | PhD Student | Linguist | Translator | Content Creator
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The strength of corpora use is that they contain examples of authentic language use. Therefore, your assessment criteria will not be purely textbook-based and prescriptive - you will be able to develop them up-to-date with the actual language development.

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Efrain Pozo

International Freelance Consultant (Agriculture and Linguistics)
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True, the use of language corpora allows you to identify the most relevant, frequent, and appropriate language items and tasks for your target group and purpose. Moreover, corpus linguistics allow us to see how language is used in today's world, corpora allow us to see how language is used today and in different contexts. This, in turn, allows us to teach languages more effectively. In the field of teaching, the corpus can be a source that provides descriptive data on language use that can be used by teachers or learners as a means of finding evidence or confirming their intuitions about their knowledge of a language. One of the uses of the corpus in the world of pedagogy is the learning of synonyms, antonyms and homonyms.

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Marios Antoniou

EFL/ESP/EAP teacher, speaking examiner, researcher
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By using language corpora researchers, teachers and learners can see how language is actually used in real life and to make the distinction between different genres or registers. Also, corpora can help us realize that in certain situations native speakers use very simple and clear speech when NNS tend to use long utterances.

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3 How to use language corpora for assessment?

Language corpora can be used for assessment in various ways, depending on your goals and resources. For instance, corpora can be used to generate test items or survey questions, such as a gap-fill exercise based on a corpus sentence or a multiple-choice question based on a corpus collocation. Furthermore, corpora can provide feedback or scoring criteria, by displaying common errors, good examples, or alternatives for a given language item or task. Additionally, corpora can be used to compare or benchmark performance, by showing how a learner's text or speech differs from that of a native speaker or proficient user in terms of frequency, accuracy, or complexity.

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Efrain Pozo

International Freelance Consultant (Agriculture and Linguistics)
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Since corpora provide a set of data representative of the language at a given time, it is possible to construct tools that measure or evaluate the level of the speaker at that given time. If the term corpus is defined as a collection of sample texts, written or spoken, in machine-readable format and which may be annotated with various forms of linguistic information, then this collection of information will allow the design of an up-to-date and timely assessment tool.

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4 What are the challenges of using language corpora for assessment?

Using language corpora for assessment is not without challenges. Accessing suitable and reliable corpora and software can be difficult, as not all corpora are freely available or easy to use. In addition, one needs the skills and knowledge to interpret and apply corpus data, as not all corpus findings are straightforward or relevant. It is important to consider the quality, representativeness, and validity of the data and how it relates to assessment objectives and context. Moreover, it is necessary to balance corpus-based and other sources of information, as not all language aspects or situations are well represented or captured by corpora. Complementing corpus data with other methods such as needs analysis, expert judgment, or learner feedback can be beneficial.

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5 How to learn more about using language corpora for assessment?

If you are interested in learning more about using language corpora for assessment, there are many resources and opportunities available. Consider reading books, articles, or blogs that discuss the theory and practice of corpus-based assessment, such as Corpus Linguistics for Language Teaching, Learning and Assessment by Nesi and Gardner (2012). You can also take courses, workshops, or webinars that introduce you to corpus tools and techniques, like Corpus Linguistics: Method, Analysis, Interpretation by Lancaster University on FutureLearn. Additionally, join networks, communities, or events that share experiences and insights on corpus-based assessment. For example, follow @CorpusAssess on Twitter or attend the International Conference on Corpus Linguistics and Technology Advancement .

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How can you use language corpora to develop assessment tools?

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1 What are language corpora?

2 Why use language corpora for assessment?

3 How to use language corpora for assessment?

4 What are the challenges of using language corpora for assessment?

5 How to learn more about using language corpora for assessment?

6 Here’s what else to consider

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