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How can you secure system design from XML digital signature wrapping attacks?

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XML digital signature wrapping attacks are a type of cyberattack that exploit the way XML signatures are applied and verified in web services and applications. They allow an attacker to modify the content or logic of an XML message without invalidating its signature, and thus bypass the security mechanisms that rely on it. In this article, you will learn how to secure your system design from XML digital signature wrapping attacks by following some best practices and recommendations.

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Veniamin Stakhovsky

Data-Driven Senior Product Manager | Technical Product Manager with 10+ years of experience in FinTech | Payments | B2B…

1 What are XML signatures?

XML signatures are a standard way of adding cryptographic signatures to XML documents or parts of them. They are used to ensure the integrity, authenticity, and non-repudiation of the data exchanged between different parties or systems. XML signatures can be applied to the whole document, to specific elements, or to arbitrary parts using XPath expressions. They can also include references to external resources, such as certificates or timestamps.

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2 How do XML signature wrapping attacks work?

XML signature wrapping attacks exploit the fact that XML signatures only cover the data that they reference, not the structure or context of the document. An attacker can manipulate the XML document by inserting, deleting, or modifying elements that are not covered by the signature, and wrap the original signed part in a new element that changes its meaning or function. For example, an attacker can change the recipient, amount, or action of a signed payment request by wrapping it in a new element with different attributes or values. The signature will still be valid, but the application will process the modified request instead of the original one.

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Frances Wong

GIAC Advisory Board | Cyber Incident Response | Digital Forensics
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So basically just duplicate the authentication body with the captured message with the signature in it. Then send the message to the server again, the server will be verifying the duplicated signature which must be correct

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3 How to prevent XML signature wrapping attacks?

To prevent XML signature wrapping attacks, you need to design your system with security in mind and follow some best practices and recommendations. These include utilizing strong and secure algorithms and keys for signing and verifying XML signatures, validating the schema and structure of the XML document, verifying the references and transforms of the XML signature, using exclusive canonicalization methods, and leveraging SOAP message security or WS-Security standards for web services. This will ensure that the signature covers only the data that is relevant and ignores any changes in the namespace or prefix declarations that do not affect the data, as well as providing additional layers of protection such as encryption, timestamps, and tokens.

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4 How to detect and respond to XML signature wrapping attacks?

XML signature wrapping attacks are a serious threat to the security and reliability of your system design. To detect and respond to these attacks, you should log and review the XML messages and signatures sent and received by your system. Look for any discrepancies or inconsistencies between the signatures and the data, such as mismatched references, transforms, or values. Additionally, implement policies and rules for XML message and signature handling, such as defining algorithms, keys, schemas, and formats used for XML signatures. If you detect or suspect any XML signature wrapping attacks or other types of cyberattacks on your system, notify the relevant authorities and stakeholders, and conduct a thorough analysis and investigation. By following these best practices and recommendations for preventing, detecting, and responding to them, you can protect your system from unauthorized or malicious modifications.

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5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Veniamin Stakhovsky

Data-Driven Senior Product Manager | Technical Product Manager with 10+ years of experience in FinTech | Payments | B2B | B2C | Safety | Antifraud | Customer Care | AI | ML
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For example, Google would ensure that its systems explicitly validate the structure of the XML document and the integrity of the signature reference. This means employing algorithms to confirm that the signature is directly associated with the intended elements within the XML document, not allowing external elements to reference internal ones improperly. Short-term, Google might introduce strict schema validations and deploy XML parsers that are configured to be secure against common XML vulnerabilities, including XSW attacks. Long-term, the company would invest in ongoing security training for developers, focusing on secure coding practices and the latest in XML security

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How can you secure system design from XML digital signature wrapping attacks?

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1 What are XML signatures?

2 How do XML signature wrapping attacks work?

3 How to prevent XML signature wrapping attacks?

4 How to detect and respond to XML signature wrapping attacks?

5 Here’s what else to consider

Systems Design

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How can you secure system design from XML digital signature wrapping attacks?

1

2

3

4

5

1 What are XML signatures?

2 How do XML signature wrapping attacks work?

3 How to prevent XML signature wrapping attacks?

4 How to detect and respond to XML signature wrapping attacks?

5 Here’s what else to consider

Systems Design

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