How can you optimize PHP applications for better accessibility?

1 Use semantic HTML

One of the most important aspects of accessibility is to use semantic HTML elements that convey the structure and meaning of your content. Semantic HTML elements are those that have a specific function or role, such as <h1> for headings, <p> for paragraphs, <table> for tables, and <nav> for navigation. Semantic HTML helps screen readers and other assistive technologies to understand and navigate your content, as well as improving SEO and readability. To use semantic HTML in your PHP applications, you should avoid using <div> and <span> for everything, and instead use the appropriate elements for each section and component. You should also use HTML attributes such as id, class, lang, and alt to provide additional information and context.

2 Implement ARIA

ARIA stands for Accessible Rich Internet Applications, and it is a set of attributes and techniques that enhance the accessibility of web pages and applications that use dynamic and interactive features. ARIA attributes can be used to define the role, state, and properties of elements that are not natively accessible, such as menus, tabs, accordions, dialogs, and sliders. ARIA attributes can also be used to provide labels, descriptions, and instructions for elements that are not easily identifiable, such as icons, buttons, and forms. To implement ARIA in your PHP applications, you should use the aria-* attributes in your HTML output, and update them dynamically with JavaScript if needed. You should also follow the ARIA design patterns and best practices for common widgets and components.

3 Test with different devices and tools

Testing your PHP applications with different devices and tools is an essential aspect of accessibility, as it can help identify and fix any issues that may prevent or limit users from interacting with your applications. Screen readers, keyboards, zoom, and contrast are all important to consider when testing. Popular screen readers include NVDA, JAWS, and VoiceOver; when testing with a keyboard, ensure that all elements are reachable and focusable with the tab key and that there are clear visual indicators of focus. Additionally, test with different zoom levels to ensure the layout and functionality are not broken or distorted. Lastly, check for different contrast modes to make sure text is readable and elements are distinguishable.

4 Follow the WCAG guidelines

The WCAG stands for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, and it is a set of standards and recommendations that provide a framework and a reference for creating accessible web pages and applications. The WCAG guidelines are organized into four principles: perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust. Each principle has a number of guidelines, and each guideline has a number of success criteria, which are classified into three levels of conformance: A, AA, and AAA. To follow the WCAG guidelines in your PHP applications, you should aim to meet at least the level AA of conformance, which covers the most common and critical accessibility issues. You should also use the WCAG resources and tools, such as the quick reference, the techniques, and the validators, to help you check and improve your accessibility.

6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?