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How can you improve VR environments with lighting?

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Lighting is a crucial element of creating immersive and realistic VR environments. It can enhance the mood, atmosphere, and depth of your scenes, as well as provide visual cues and feedback to your users. However, lighting can also pose challenges for VR rendering, such as performance, realism, and consistency. In this article, you will learn some tips and techniques on how to improve your VR lighting, based on the latest industry trends and best practices.

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Hanine Salman Abi-Ali

Emerging Technology & Innovative Solutions in AI & XR
Manuel Cossio

Empowering Healthcare Through Human-Centered AI Solutions

1 Understand your lighting goals

Before you start designing your lighting, you need to have a clear vision of what you want to achieve with it. What is the theme, genre, and mood of your VR experience? How do you want your users to feel and react to your environment? How do you balance realism and stylization? These questions will help you define your lighting goals and guide your decisions throughout the process. For example, if you are creating a horror VR game, you might want to use dark, low-key lighting with contrast and shadows to create tension and suspense. On the other hand, if you are creating a VR educational app, you might want to use bright, high-key lighting with soft and even illumination to create clarity and interest.

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Tobias Weilandt

Digital Learning Expert I VR, KI, E-Learning I Wissenschaftliche Forschung I Training
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Je nachdem, welche Art Szenario zu welchem Zweck entwickelt werden soll, sind bestimmte Vorgehensweisen zu beachten. Soll ein Szenario erstellt werden, das m?glichst ein reales mehr oder minder abbildet, ist der Einsatz von Ton und vor allem Licht Beleuchtung) essenziell für die Generierung von Pr?senzerfahrungen bei User:innen. Effekte wie r?umlicher Klang sind es, die laut einer Studie der Johns Hopkins University und der Clemson University (Huong Q. Dinh et al., 1999) Pr?senz-Eindrücke enorm steigern. Ebenso ist das bei der Beleuchtung, mit der zum einen ein r?umlicher Effekt und 3-D-Effekte von Gegenst?nden erzielt wird, zum anderen der Blick der User:innen gelenkt werden kann.

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Vojtěch Chaloupka

3D artist
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"Generally, it is great to have a solid vision before starting a project, ideally in the form of concept art, rough scenes, etc. Lighting is one of the most important part of scene. Without it, even great texture and model work can be diminished to zero, and on the other hand, great lighting can elevate even a poorly modeled scene. Another thing about good lighting is that it can guide the "player", in the way you intended: highlighting important objects/paths and hiding hard-to-find objects. Last but not least, lighting creates an atmosphere, which is very important for the immersion of the player. You can manipulate the mood or overall feeling of the level, experience, or game.A quick tip: You can find the best references in nature.

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2 Choose your lighting method

Depending on your lighting goals, you need to choose the most suitable lighting method for your VR environment. There are three main types of lighting methods: baked, dynamic, and hybrid. Baked lighting is pre-calculated and stored in lightmaps, which can produce high-quality and realistic lighting effects, but cannot change during runtime. Dynamic lighting is calculated in real-time, which can produce interactive and responsive lighting effects, but can be costly in terms of performance. Hybrid lighting is a combination of both, which can offer a balance between quality and performance, but can be complex to set up and maintain. You need to weigh the pros and cons of each method and consider your target platform, hardware, and budget.

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Manuel Cossio

Empowering Healthcare Through Human-Centered AI Solutions
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Baked lighting is fixed once it has been calculated, which means that you cannot change the lighting effects without re-baking the scene. This can make it difficult to make changes to a scene after it has been completed, such as adding or removing objects or changing the position of lights.

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Vojtěch Chaloupka

3D artist
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What is the best type of lighting for VR? Well, it depends on the project. Is it a huge landscape with no moving objects? Is it an interactive experience?There are lots of possibilities, but in my experience, the best practice is to have as many baked lights as possible and as few dynamic lights as possible. For example, in apps for Oculus Quest 2, one dynamic light is more than enough(in a hockey simulation app with many players). You should start with lights that are necessary for your scene, and the scene doesn't make sense without them. Then, if your performance testing allows it, you can add other lights or change static lights to dynamic. Again, everything depends on the specific needs of the project. And of course testing, testing...

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3 Optimize your lighting performance

VR rendering is more demanding than traditional rendering, as it requires rendering two images at high resolution and frame rate for each eye. To optimize your lighting performance without compromising the quality and immersion of your VR environment, you can use light probes and reflection probes to capture and simulate indirect lighting and reflections for dynamic objects. Additionally, occlusion culling and frustum culling can reduce the number of lights and objects that need to be rendered in each frame. You can also use level of detail (LOD) and impostors to simplify the geometry and textures of distant objects, as well as light cookies and decals to add detail and variation to your lighting without adding more lights. Finally, post-processing effects such as bloom, tone mapping, and color grading can enhance your lighting without affecting the performance.

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Manuel Cossio

Empowering Healthcare Through Human-Centered AI Solutions
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Avoid placing light probes too close together: Excessively close light probes can create artifacts and inconsistencies in the lighting distribution. Maintain a reasonable distance between light probes to avoid overlap and ensure accurate lighting calculations.

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4 Test and iterate your lighting

The final step of improving your VR lighting is to test and iterate it in different scenarios and conditions. You need to check how your lighting looks and feels in different headsets, devices, and platforms, as well as how it reacts to user input and movement. You also need to gather feedback from your users and stakeholders, and evaluate how your lighting meets your goals and expectations. You can use tools such as VR analytics, heatmaps, and eye tracking to measure and analyze your lighting performance and user behavior. Based on the results, you can make adjustments and improvements to your lighting until you achieve the desired outcome.

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Hanine Salman Abi-Ali

Emerging Technology & Innovative Solutions in AI & XR
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Experiment with diverse lighting styles to identify the most suitable techniques for your environment and desired atmosphere. Also, test your lighting setup on various VR hardware to ensure a consistent and enjoyable experience for all users. Most importantly, prioritize user comfort by steering clear of excessively bright lights or flashing effects that may lead to discomfort or disorientation in VR.

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Manuel Cossio

Empowering Healthcare Through Human-Centered AI Solutions
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Eye tracking can also reveal areas of the scene that users rarely focus on. This information can be used to reduce lighting complexity in these areas, reducing the computational load and improving performance.

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5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How can you improve VR environments with lighting?

1

2

3

4

5

1 Understand your lighting goals

2 Choose your lighting method

3 Optimize your lighting performance

4 Test and iterate your lighting

5 Here’s what else to consider

Virtual Reality

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How can you improve VR environments with lighting?

1

2

3

4

5

1 Understand your lighting goals

2 Choose your lighting method

3 Optimize your lighting performance

4 Test and iterate your lighting

5 Here’s what else to consider

Virtual Reality

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