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How can you design biomaterials and implants to withstand body stress?

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Biomaterials and implants are widely used in medicine and bioengineering to replace, repair, or enhance the function of damaged or diseased tissues and organs. However, designing these devices is not an easy task, as they have to withstand various types of stress from the body, such as mechanical, chemical, biological, and thermal. In this article, you will learn some of the key principles and methods to design biomaterials and implants that can cope with body stress and ensure biocompatibility and durability.

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1 Mechanical stress

Mechanical stress is the force per unit area applied to a material or structure by external loads, such as pressure, tension, compression, bending, torsion, or shear. Mechanical stress can cause deformation, fracture, fatigue, or wear of biomaterials and implants, depending on their properties and geometry. To design biomaterials and implants that can resist mechanical stress, you need to consider factors such as the modulus of elasticity, the yield strength, the ultimate strength, the fracture toughness, the fatigue resistance, and the wear resistance of the material. You also need to match the mechanical properties of the biomaterial or implant with the host tissue, to avoid stress shielding or overloading.

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Sammy Noumbissi DDS MS

Owner Miles of Smiles Implant Dentistry
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Mechanical stresses are critical with dental implants. Because of jaw motion they are not continuous but repetitive and intermittent thereby potentially mote destructive and require adequate materials for that purpose.

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2 Chemical stress

Chemical stress is the reaction of a material or structure with the surrounding environment, such as fluids, gases, ions, or molecules. Chemical stress can cause corrosion, degradation, dissolution, or swelling of biomaterials and implants, depending on their composition and surface characteristics. To design biomaterials and implants that can withstand chemical stress, you need to consider factors such as the corrosion resistance, the degradation rate, the solubility, and the swelling behavior of the material. You also need to modify the surface of the biomaterial or implant to improve its stability, functionality, or biocompatibility.

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Mike Moynihan

Commercial. Dental. CeramTec.
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When considering the impact of body stress on dental implants, we often think first about the mechanical stresses through chewing. The chemical stresses in the host interaction are equally important. Patients with periodontitis or peri-implantitis for example frequently have saliva with an acidic pH value. So in my opinion, we need to think beyond just the implant design. Taking the acidic milieu in the oral cavity into account the question also needs to be: what is the optimal material for the dental implants. The implant material matters. Modern high-performance medical grade zirconium-dioxide ceramics offer clear advantages in this regard.

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Sammy Noumbissi DDS MS

Owner Miles of Smiles Implant Dentistry
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This is one of the stresses that challenge the Biocompatibility of any implant material. In implant dentistry we primarily use titanium and titanium alloys which over time as a resultbof exposure to body fluids, mechanical stresses undergo corrosion. The corrosion process leads to release of metal ions and particles in the peri-implant tissues and distant organs such as kidneys, liver and brain. The last decade we have seen the resurgence of load bearing ceramics (zirconia and its composites) wich are rapidly establishing themselves as corrosion-free biocompatible dental implant materials.

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3 Biological stress

Biological stress is the interaction of a material or structure with the living system, such as cells, tissues, organs, or organisms. Biological stress can cause inflammation, infection, immunological response, or tissue integration of biomaterials and implants, depending on their biocompatibility and bioactivity. To design biomaterials and implants that can cope with biological stress, you need to consider factors such as the cytotoxicity, the sterility, the antigenicity, and the bioactivity of the material. You also need to incorporate biological signals or cues into the biomaterial or implant to promote tissue regeneration or healing.

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4 Thermal stress

Thermal stress is the change in the shape or size of a material or structure due to temperature variations. Thermal stress can cause expansion, contraction, distortion, or cracking of biomaterials and implants, depending on their thermal properties and coefficients. To design biomaterials and implants that can tolerate thermal stress, you need to consider factors such as the thermal conductivity, the thermal expansion coefficient, the specific heat capacity, and the glass transition temperature of the material. You also need to minimize the temperature difference between the biomaterial or implant and the body, to avoid thermal shock or injury.

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5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How can you design biomaterials and implants to withstand body stress?

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1 Mechanical stress

2 Chemical stress

3 Biological stress

4 Thermal stress

5 Here’s what else to consider

Bioengineering

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