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How can you debug a program using print statements in multiple programming languages?

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Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors in a program. One of the simplest and most common debugging techniques is using print statements. Print statements are lines of code that display a message or a value on the screen or in a file. They can help you track the flow of execution, check the values of variables, and identify where the problem occurs.

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Heli Parekh

Senior Engineer @ Slalom Build | Certified Microsoft Solutions Architect | ML Enthusiast

1 Print statements in Python

Python is a popular and versatile programming language that has a built-in print function. You can use print() to display any object or expression inside the parentheses. For example, print("Hello, world!") will show the string Hello, world! on the screen. You can also use print() to show the values of variables, such as print(x) or print(y + z). To print multiple objects in one line, you can separate them by commas, such as print("The answer is", x * y). You can also use formatting options to control how the output looks, such as print(f"The answer is {x * y:.2f}") to show two decimal places.

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Heli Parekh

Senior Engineer @ Slalom Build | Certified Microsoft Solutions Architect | ML Enthusiast
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Though debugging is more popular way for debugging program, print statements can be extremely useful in some scenarios. For Example, for some tricky operations like Python Assignments and Python Copies (Deep and Shallow), one might need to print the memory locations of variables to help understand memory references, print is extremely useful in such scenarios. There are ample of other use cases for using print for debugging purpose

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2 Print statements in Java

Java is another widely used programming language that requires a print method to display output. Unlike Python, Java has different print methods for different types of data, such as System.out.print(), System.out.println(), and System.out.printf(). System.out.print() will show the argument without a newline, System.out.println() will show the argument with a newline, and System.out.printf() will show the argument with formatting options. For example, System.out.print("Hello, world!") will show the string Hello, world! without moving to the next line. System.out.println(x) will show the value of x and move to the next line. System.out.printf("The answer is %.2f\n", x * y) will show the product of x and y with two decimal places and a newline.

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3 Print statements in C

C is a low-level programming language that offers more control over the hardware and memory. To use print statements in C, you need to include the stdio.h header file and use the printf() function. The printf() function takes a format string as the first argument and a list of values as the second argument. The format string can contain placeholders for the values, such as %d for integers, %f for floats, and %s for strings. For example, printf("Hello, world!\n") will show the string Hello, world! with a newline. printf("x = %d\n", x) will show the value of x as an integer with a newline. printf("The answer is %.2f\n", x * y) will show the product of x and y as a float with two decimal places and a newline.

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4 Print statements in JavaScript

JavaScript is a scripting language that runs on web browsers and enables dynamic and interactive web pages. To use print statements in JavaScript, you can use the console.log() method or the document.write() method. The console.log() method will show the output in the browser's console, which is a tool for developers to inspect and debug code. The document.write() method will show the output on the web page, which is visible to the users. For example, console.log("Hello, world!") will show the string Hello, world! in the console. document.write(x) will show the value of x on the web page. You can also use template literals to embed expressions and format output, such as console.log(`The answer is ${x * y.toFixed(2)}`) to show the product of x and y with two decimal places in the console.

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Alttaf H.

Director of Engineering @ Yoti | Hands on architecture and development
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console.log is your friend, using this alongside the debugger is a winning combination, the first step I always take is printing explanatory statements to measure how far we get through execution of the code. This is a really and simple technique to get you going.

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5 Print statements in Ruby

Ruby is an expressive and elegant programming language that emphasizes readability and simplicity. To use print statements in Ruby, you can use the puts method or the print method. The puts method will show the output with a newline, while the print method will show the output without a newline. For example, puts "Hello, world!" will show the string Hello, world! with a newline. print x will show the value of x without a newline. You can also use interpolation to insert expressions and format output, such as puts "The answer is #{x * y.round(2)}" to show the product of x and y with two decimal places and a newline.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Timothy Hurd

Author of The Programmers Idea Book | Senior Full Stack Web Developer | Web Integration Specialist | Internal Web Tool Creator | CMS Magician | Sitepoint.com Blogger
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Many experienced programmers may consider print statement debugging a bit old school and not the most useful technique out there. I couldn't disagree more. This method of debugging is the single greatest debug tool I have ever used in the past 26+ years as a developer. One great debug print statement can save you hours/days of debugging! Think about how the system info moves through the system and where might be the best place to put a print statement to cut the problem in half. As you gain experience, where you put the print statements will get easier and you can solve problems faster. One note of caution, make sure you always know where your data is being printed to. Never print debug data in a way that is easily seen by others.

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How can you debug a program using print statements in multiple programming languages?

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4

5

6

1 Print statements in Python

2 Print statements in Java

3 Print statements in C

4 Print statements in JavaScript

5 Print statements in Ruby

6 Here’s what else to consider

Programming

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How can you debug a program using print statements in multiple programming languages?

1

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3

4

5

6

1 Print statements in Python

2 Print statements in Java

3 Print statements in C

4 Print statements in JavaScript

5 Print statements in Ruby

6 Here’s what else to consider

Programming

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