How can you create software that is optimized for screen readers?

1 Use semantic markup

Semantic markup is a way of writing HTML code that describes the meaning and structure of the content, rather than just its appearance. Semantic markup helps screen readers to understand and navigate the content, as well as to provide relevant information and feedback to the users. For example, use <h1> to <h6> tags for headings, <p> for paragraphs, <ul> and <ol> for lists, <table> for tables, and <a> for links. Avoid using <div> and <span> tags for layout purposes, as they do not convey any semantic information.

3 Use labels and instructions

Labels and instructions are text elements that identify and explain the purpose and function of interactive elements, such as forms, buttons, menus, and dialogs. They are crucial for screen readers, as they enable the users to interact with the software and perform tasks. For example, use the <label> tag to associate labels with form inputs, the <legend> tag to group related inputs, the placeholder attribute to provide hints, and the <aria-describedby> attribute to link instructions. Make sure your labels and instructions are clear, consistent, and descriptive.

4 Ensure keyboard accessibility

Keyboard accessibility is the ability to use the keyboard to access and operate all the features and functions of the software, without requiring a mouse or other pointing device. It is important for screen readers, as many users rely on the keyboard as their primary input method. For example, ensure that all interactive elements are reachable and focusable with the Tab key, that all keyboard shortcuts are documented and customizable, that all menus and dialogs are operable with the arrow keys and the Escape key, and that all keyboard actions are announced by the screen reader.

5 Provide feedback and confirmation

Feedback and confirmation are auditory or visual cues that inform the users about the state and outcome of their actions and interactions with the software. They are helpful for screen readers, as they provide reassurance and guidance to the users. For example, use sound effects, speech synthesis, or braille display to indicate errors, warnings, success, progress, or completion of tasks, use the <aria-live> attribute to announce dynamic changes in the content, and use the <aria-busy> attribute to indicate when the software is busy or loading.

6 Test and evaluate

Testing and evaluating are processes that involve checking and measuring the performance and usability of the software from the perspective of screen reader users. They are necessary for screen readers, as they reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the software and identify the areas for improvement. For example, use automated tools, such as WAVE or AChecker, to detect and fix common accessibility errors, use manual testing, such as keyboard-only testing or screen reader testing, to verify and refine the functionality and usability of the software, and use user testing, such as surveys or interviews, to collect and analyze the feedback and satisfaction of the screen reader users.

7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?