How can SCADA system audits help identify best practices?

The limitation of required information over the system to ensure a lean system, not only saves bandwidth but improves troubleshooting. Proper procedures and accurate checklists ensure an accurate audit.

In my experience, scope definition and clear KPIs are critical. Identification of the focal point/ project owner from the client side is important. Industry-specific regulation and compliance requirements should identified before the audit. The audit should also focus on Obsolescence issues.

SCADA system audits help identify best practices by evaluating compliance with industry standards and regulations, benchmarking against successful systems, and assessing performance metrics and KPIs. Auditors analyze incident logs to learn from past failures and suggest preventive measures. Feedback from users and operators provides insights into effective practices and areas for improvement. The audit may also unveil innovative technologies and methodologies that enhance system efficiency. By assessing operational efficiency, the audit helps identify cost-saving and reliable practices. Ultimately, SCADA system audits offer a comprehensive view, enabling organizations to adopt and implement best practices, improving performance and security

An adequacy check to determine fitness for purpose is the foremost parameter for auditing techical systems like SCADA. Such an audit should result in improvisation of the technical capability of the SCADA system making it more safe, reliable & responsive.

Several technical fields, such as SCADA architecture design, hosted SCADA servers integration, RTU, PLC, radio, cellular, OT & Its objective is to stimulate company innovation so that clients can receive better services and technologies. It's crucial to recognise and categorise "SCADA assets" while administering a SCADA system. Keeping all software and firmware up to date is one of the most crucial security procedures for SCADA systems. All linked devices' operating systems, technological frameworks, software, and firmware, as well as their interfaces with other systems, fall under this category. Insecure software and firmware can have known flaws that attackers can use to access the machine without authorization.

As the SCADA is the overall control and acquisition of data for the entire process. It is important to know that all items that it controls and feeds it are providing correct information and act accordingly. This means down to the equipment and device level. Proper design, asbuilt documentation and standards development are key.

At this stage, configuration and system details are very important. It is essential that each component of the system is properly configured and interacts with other components. The signal loops in the system must be selected correctly and at each stage of signal transmission, the requirements of each signal must be checked (RTU, ESDU, MTU, Links of each stage, Cyber security and etc.)

First off, assemble your "treasure list" of what you're hunting for—everything from your hardware knickknacks to your software bells and whistles. Don't forget the mysterious realm of network topology and those magical scrolls called system logs. But wait, we’re not done yet! Be a good detective and consider the security policies guarding your SCADA treasures. How about your system's "safety net," also known as backup and recovery procedures? And let’s not forget the VIP list—those maintenance and support contracts. How to find all these treasures, you ask? Well, deploy your magnifying glasses and Sherlock hats. Use interviews to get the "he said, she said" perspectives. Surveys and observations will tell you what's in plain sight.

This may be difficult as each SCADA system used to be proprietary, with its unique hardware and software Architecture. It is notches easy to get a person who is able to navigate these legacy setups to extract the data.

Collecting and analyzing data from the SCADA system is a critical step. It involves inventorying hardware and software, examining network topology and logs, assessing security policies and controls, backup procedures, and support contracts. I utilize various tools and methods, such as interviews, surveys, audits, and simulations, to gather and analyze data effectively. This comprehensive approach helps me gain valuable insights and make informed decisions during the SCADA audit/review process.

Once the data is collected and analyzed, I focus on identifying and prioritizing gaps and risks within the SCADA system. Gaps represent disparities between the current and desired states, while risks entail potential threats to system availability, integrity, or confidentiality. I assess each gap and risk, considering their impact and likelihood, and rank them based on urgency and importance. This systematic approach enables me to address critical issues promptly and efficiently during the SCADA audit/review, ensuring enhanced system performance and security.

Risk of the process, personnel, environment and equipment should be determined during HAZOP. However, once a project is complete how often is a HAZOP revisited during operations?

I agree with the continuity cycle management in the system. To have the right design in the system, we have to look at the system like the human body. Each component does its work properly and is properly connected with other components. For example, we can refer to the kind of electrical supply of the desired system or to the communication networks of each component with another component. At every stage, reliability and availability are very important. The cyber security of the system should be like an umbrella over the SCADA system.

SCADA system audits are like a detective mission for your operations. They dive deep into your system's performance, data logs, and security to uncover the best ways of doing things. It's like having a team of experts fine-tune your setup to ensure it's not just good, but top-notch. Plus, the feedback you get from the audit experts is like a treasure trove of valuable insights. So, if you want to stay ahead in the game, SCADA audits are your trusted allies.

One thing that will be helpful is to maintain a Lifecycle management for SCADA systems similar to a SIS program in operation as we can implement a structure based approach as it will reduce the gap and secure way to operate

While each opportunity or best practice has its own challenges and requirements, it's important to carefully evaluate them in the context of your system's available resources and limitations. Implementing selected improvements and best practices can yield significant long-term benefits, helping your SCADA system realize its full potential in supporting your industrial operations.

In addition to gaps and risks, recognizing opportunities and best practices for the SCADA system is essential. Opportunities may enhance functionality, efficiency, or usability, while best practices optimize performance, quality, or security. I thoroughly assess the feasibility and value of each opportunity and best practice, taking into account available resources and constraints. By considering these factors, I can leverage potential benefits effectively and implement proven methods during the SCADA audit/review. This approach ensures that the system operates optimally and aligns with industry standards, resulting in improved outcomes for the organization.

In my experience you need to communicate more with the customer. Problem areas in SCADA can be identified by communicating with the operating personnel.

Knowing the components and having the correct design is very useful. A good design comes from a good mind, for example, in some cases, communication between components is not possible and, in this case, other links can be used, such as OPC server. Using the experience and knowledge of experts can be useful.

Recognize areas of strength, such as efficient real-time data processing or robust authentication mechanisms. For instance, if your system employs advanced anomaly detection algorithms, acknowledge it as a best practice contributing to the overall resilience of the SCADA infrastructure.

System commissioning and utilization is as important as system design. Testing each component of the system and its connection with other components, reliability and availability, measuring the processing time of each component compared to the entire system, ensuring the cyber security of the system and other important things that must be considered. At the same time, the need to develop the system in the future should also be considered.

The final step is to create and execute action plans targeting the identified gaps, risks, opportunities, and best practices. These plans outline specific tasks to achieve audit objectives, including expected outcomes, timelines, responsibilities, costs, and success indicators. Monitoring progress and results is crucial, making adjustments as needed. As an experienced professional, I understand the significance of tracking each action plan meticulously. This ensures that the SCADA system evolves positively, addressing weaknesses, capitalizing on opportunities, and implementing best practices, ultimately leading to an optimized, secure, and high-performing system.

The audit process should be conducted with the customer. The work of the supervisor is very important at this stage. He can coordinate the work of the technicians and interact with the customer!

Try to prioritize actions based on the security impact and ease of implementation, which will allow to go for the quick wins first.

Action plan (1/2): Configuration Assessment: Step: Review hardware, software, and network settings. Solution: Implement configuration management tools for consistency. Security Evaluation: Step: Conduct penetration testing and vulnerability scanning. Solution: Harden systems by applying security patches promptly. Documentation Review: Step: Compare documented procedures with actual practices. Solution: Regularly update documentation and align it with operations. Process Workflow Analysis: Step: Map data flow and identify bottlenecks. Solution: Optimize workflows for smoother data processing. Change Management Practices: Step: Audit change control processes and approvals. Solution: Enforce standardized change management procedures.

A Kanban board is the best way I have found to communicate this to the team and track it. This can be made digital in MS Teams easily.

Effective communication and follow-up with stakeholders, owners, and users are integral to successful SCADA system audits and reviews. I prioritize sharing findings and recommendations, actively seeking feedback and input to ensure alignment and buy-in from all involved parties. Regular updates and reports on action plan status and outcomes keep everyone informed. Encouraging a culture of continuous improvement and learning allows for ongoing enhancements to the SCADA system. By fostering open communication, I facilitate a collaborative and informed approach that leads to positive outcomes and sustained progress in system reliability, security, and performance.

Communication and interactions with designers and executors of the project, as well as communication with manufacturers and vendors, help a lot in designing and expanding the design.

Auditing a SCADA of any utility involves several aspects. 1. Hardware and it's compatibility 2. Spares availability 3. Firmware and licenses 4. Software auditing. 5. IO Auditing 6. Interlock and Protection Auditing 7. Execution time cycle auditing 8. HMI auditing 9. Program Analysis for lower ram utilization & better productivity. 10. Alarm & SOE auditing 11. Trend auditing For all this in depth knowledge of Process,Scada, Networking, Loops , Codification etc is required.. It is not a 1 week job, should take months for a system (BTG).

SCADA system audits help identify best practices by evaluating compliance with industry standards and regulations, benchmarking against successful systems, and assessing performance metrics and KPIs. Auditors analyze incident logs to learn from past failures and suggest preventive measures. Feedback from users and operators provides insights into effective practices and areas for improvement. The audit may also unveil innovative technologies and methodologies that enhance system efficiency. By assessing operational efficiency, the audit helps identify cost-saving and reliable practices. Ultimately, SCADA system audits offer a comprehensive view, enabling organizations to adopt and implement best practices, improving performance and security

I can point out that another important part of the SCADA system is communication with telecom engineers. Engineers should advance the design in good interaction and cooperation with each other. Each SCADA system requires special communication with different departments (Control, Network, Telecom, Electrical, Operation and etc.) and coordination and sharing of ideas can be very effective in correct and safe design.

I have work on different Scada system, each of them have several advantage. In my opinion, the audit should be define by experience personnel and use Scada as a toll only. It depend on how to programming to Devine, select, classify, responds and correction.

SCADA Audit allows renewable asset owners or administrators of SCADA systems to keep track of all hardware and software installations.