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How can roadway drainage systems be designed to reduce the risk of accidents?

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Roadway drainage systems are essential for maintaining safe and efficient traffic conditions, especially during rainy or snowy weather. However, poorly designed or maintained drainage systems can also pose a significant risk of accidents, such as hydroplaning, flooding, erosion, or ice formation. In this article, you will learn how to design roadway drainage systems that can reduce the risk of accidents and improve the performance and durability of the pavement.

本文章的要点总结

Effective slope design:

Implementing proper slope gradients in drainage design ensures water flows away quickly, reducing the risk of hydroplaning. This proactive step can substantially boost road safety during heavy rainfall.
Regular maintenance:

Keeping drainage systems well-maintained prevents blockages that can lead to flooding, particularly during severe weather events. It’s a simple yet critical task to ensure your roadways remain safe and navigable.

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Prakash Jha

Senior Officer in QA, QC at HLE…
Thoriq I

Offshore Structural Engineer at…

1 Types of drainage systems

There are two main types of drainage systems for roadways: surface drainage and subsurface drainage. Surface drainage collects and conveys the runoff from the pavement surface and the adjacent areas, such as shoulders, slopes, or ditches. Subsurface drainage removes the excess water from the soil and the pavement layers, preventing the deterioration of the pavement structure and the formation of frost heave. Both types of drainage systems require careful planning, design, and construction to ensure adequate capacity, slope, alignment, and outlet conditions.

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2 Design criteria and standards

Designing roadway drainage systems to reduce the risk of accidents requires following criteria and standards established by relevant authorities, such as the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), or local agencies. These criteria and standards include the design storm frequency and intensity to determine runoff, design speed and traffic volume for safety and serviceability, pavement type and material for permeability and infiltration, soil type and condition for drainage capacity and stability, as well as environmental and aesthetic factors for the impacts of the drainage system on natural resources and landscape.

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3 Design methods and tools

Designing roadway drainage systems to reduce the risk of accidents requires the use of appropriate methods and tools to analyze the hydrologic and hydraulic characteristics of the site and the drainage system. Common methods and tools include the rational method, a simple formula that estimates the peak runoff rate; the hydrograph method, a graphical representation of runoff rate over time; hydraulic design charts, graphical or tabular aids that provide design parameters for drainage structures; and computer software like HEC-RAS, HEC-HMS, SWMM, or HY-8, which can perform complex calculations and simulations for various aspects of drainage design.

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Thomas Bartosiewicz, P.E.

Founder/Managing Member at Site Consulting Engineers, LLC
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Remember that grate capacity of inlets is generally very small and drainage areas to grated inlets should be kept small in highly impervious subcatchment areas and take into effect grate losses! Additionally, for storms beyond the design even, overflow locations need to available to ensure no standing water backs up onto highways w higher design speed and functional classifications.

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4 Design examples and best practices

Designing roadway drainage systems to reduce the risk of accidents can be aided by referring to design examples and best practices that illustrate how criteria, standards, methods, and tools are applied in different situations and contexts. Sources of these examples and practices include the FHWA Hydraulic Design Series, AASHTO Highway Drainage Guidelines, and National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Reports. The FHWA publications provide guidance and examples on pavement drainage, highway culverts, stormwater management, and bridge scour. The AASHTO manuals offer recommendations and best practices for planning, designing, operating, and maintaining drainage systems for highways. The NCHRP Reports address specific issues like climate change, green infrastructure, or low-impact development.

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5 Design challenges and solutions

Designing roadway drainage systems to reduce the risk of accidents requires being aware of the common challenges and solutions that may arise. For example, a lack of data or information may require assumptions, estimations, or field surveys to obtain the necessary inputs. Additionally, uncertainty or variability of factors may require sensitivity analysis, safety factors, or probabilistic methods to account for the possible range of outcomes. Lastly, trade-offs or conflicts of objectives may require optimization, evaluation, or negotiation techniques to balance the costs, benefits, and impacts of the design alternatives.

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Thomas Bartosiewicz, P.E.

Founder/Managing Member at Site Consulting Engineers, LLC
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Do not be creative in this space. Especially for higher functional classifications of roads. Be very careful using center median drainage and consider flood routing (storage indication method) for median drainage to identify ponding risk that could impact highways.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Prakash Jha

Senior Officer in QA, QC at HLE Glascoat Limited |Six Sigma Black Belt | EX-L&T Defence |
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Roadway drainage systems can help reduce accident risks by ensuring proper water drainage. Design considerations include effective slope gradients, strategically placed drainage inlets, and adequate capacity to handle water flow during heavy rain. Additionally, anti-skid road surfaces and proper maintenance of drainage infrastructure contribute to safer road conditions.

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Thoriq I

Offshore Structural Engineer at Serikandi Oilfield
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Another thing to consider is related with the function and type of vehicle. on mining area where safety issue is highly concern where an accident report would cause possibility further investigation and plant shutdown, the drainage design specifically an open drainage should be design in a slope of 1 in 4. Slopes steeper than 1 in 4 adjacent to the road are deemed non-recoverable, meaning the driver has no ability to get the vehicle back in control. Batter slopes steeper than 1 in 4 present a risk to a vehicle ending up in the ditch or down an embankment which causes a Work Health and Safety incident to be raised.

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How can roadway drainage systems be designed to reduce the risk of accidents?

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 Types of drainage systems

2 Design criteria and standards

3 Design methods and tools

4 Design examples and best practices

5 Design challenges and solutions

6 Here’s what else to consider

Engineering Design

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How can roadway drainage systems be designed to reduce the risk of accidents?

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 Types of drainage systems

2 Design criteria and standards

3 Design methods and tools

4 Design examples and best practices

5 Design challenges and solutions

6 Here’s what else to consider

Engineering Design

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