Last updated on 2024年9月20日

How can remote sensing and GIS help monitor forest fire risk and vulnerability?

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Forest fires are a major threat to ecosystems, biodiversity, and human lives and property. They can also contribute to climate change by releasing greenhouse gases and altering land cover. To prevent and manage forest fires, it is essential to monitor their risk and vulnerability using reliable and timely data. Remote sensing and GIS are two powerful tools that can help with this task. In this article, you will learn how they work and what benefits they offer for forest fire monitoring.

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Thomas Grübler

Chief Strategy Officer & Co-founder @ OroraTech <> Thermal Intelligence for a sustainable Earth
Fawad A. Qureshi

Global Field CTO @ Snowflake | LinkedIn Learning Instructor | Sustainability ??, Data Strategy, Business Transformation
Ricardo Guerra

Regional Sales Director, Latin America at Planet Labs | LinkedIn Top Voice _Project Management | World Agri-Tech…

1 Remote sensing basics

Remote sensing is the process of acquiring information about an object or area without direct contact. It uses sensors mounted on satellites, aircraft, drones, or balloons to capture images or signals of the earth's surface. These sensors can measure different types of electromagnetic radiation, such as visible light, infrared, microwave, or radar. Depending on the sensor and the wavelength, remote sensing can provide information about vegetation, soil, moisture, temperature, fire activity, and smoke.

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Thomas Grübler

Chief Strategy Officer & Co-founder @ OroraTech <> Thermal Intelligence for a sustainable Earth
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Remote sensing allows for large-scale, real-time observation of wildfires. Thermal infrared sensors are the most widely used technologies for fire detection. There are two prominent thermal bands to consider: * Mid-wave infrared (MWIR) sensors (3.9μm) allow us to measure high temperatures, e.g., the fire front. * Long-wave infrared (LWIR) sensors (8-12μm) enable ambient temperature detection. The LWIR band reduces false positives of MWIR fire detections and can also be very helpful in detecting low-temperature fires.

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Dhanya Bulla

Climate modelling | Environment Restoration | Flood estimations | Carbon footprint check out my Instagram page @green_future_2035
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The area which is vulnerable to forest fires must be monitored continuously by using remote sensing objects. Sensor-based drones and satellites are very useful for this purpose as it doesn't require human presence in the field which reduces the risk.

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Ricardo Guerra

Regional Sales Director, Latin America at Planet Labs | LinkedIn Top Voice _Project Management | World Agri-Tech Advisory Board
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Concordo plenamente. O sensoriamento remoto utiliza tecnologias como satélites e drones para adquirir dados sem contato direto. Esses sistemas captam imagens e sinais, medindo várias formas de radia??o eletromagnética, como infravermelho e radar. Na Planet, solu??es como temperatura do solo e volume de água no solo s?o extraídas de imagens de satélite. Isso permite monitorar vegeta??o, umidade, atividades de fogo e fuma?a de forma eficiente e abrangente, oferecendo insights valiosos para gest?o ambiental e agrícola.

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2 GIS basics

GIS stands for geographic information system. It is a software that can store, manipulate, analyze, and display spatial data. Spatial data are data that have a geographic location, such as coordinates, boundaries, or polygons. GIS can integrate different sources and types of spatial data, such as remote sensing images, maps, surveys, or census. GIS can also perform various functions, such as overlaying, buffering, clipping, or querying, to extract useful information from spatial data.

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Fawad A. Qureshi

Global Field CTO @ Snowflake | LinkedIn Learning Instructor | Sustainability ??, Data Strategy, Business Transformation
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We must consider systems which can process raster data alongside vector data at scale and maintain a historical log of those datasets. It is critical not just to process the point in time snapshot but to also compare it with the historical perspective to assess the change across the different environmental factors.

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Dhanya Bulla

Climate modelling | Environment Restoration | Flood estimations | Carbon footprint check out my Instagram page @green_future_2035
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GIS is a very reliable process to store and use the data for future referencing or historical examination. For instance, adding layers of images collected at different times of the event to assess the impact of the forest fire along with the direction of spread and rate of spread of fire. These assessments play a crucial role in mitigation and rescue plans

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Ricardo Guerra

Regional Sales Director, Latin America at Planet Labs | LinkedIn Top Voice _Project Management | World Agri-Tech Advisory Board
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Um sistema de informa??o geográfica (GIS) é essencial para armazenar, analisar e visualizar dados espaciais, incluindo imagens de satélite, com o software da ESRI sendo um ponto central nesse processo ou por exemplo QGIS. O GIS manipula informa??es geográficas como coordenadas e limites, integrando diversas fontes de dados para executar fun??es como sobreposi??o e buffering. Combinando imagens de sensoriamento remoto e outros dados geoespaciais, o GIS permite análises detalhadas e a gera??o de insights cruciais para planejamento urbano, gest?o ambiental e tomada de decis?es estratégicas.

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3 Fire risk assessment

Fire risk assessment is the process of estimating the probability and severity of fire occurrence in a given area. It depends on several factors, such as fuel availability, weather conditions, topography, and human activities. Remote sensing and GIS can help with fire risk assessment by providing data on these factors and creating fire risk maps. For example, remote sensing can measure the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which indicates the greenness and health of vegetation. GIS can overlay NDVI data with other data, such as precipitation, temperature, elevation, or road network, to calculate fire risk indices and classify areas into low, moderate, or high risk.

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Ricardo Guerra

Regional Sales Director, Latin America at Planet Labs | LinkedIn Top Voice _Project Management | World Agri-Tech Advisory Board
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A avalia??o de risco de incêndio depende de diversos fatores como combustível, clima e topografia. O sensoriamento remoto, incluindo imagens de satélite que medem o NDVI, é crucial nesse processo, fornecendo dados sobre a saúde da vegeta??o. Integrando esses dados com o software GIS, como o da ESRI ou QGIS, é possível criar mapas detalhados de risco de incêndio. Esses mapas ajudam a identificar áreas com diferentes níveis de risco, facilitando o planejamento de preven??o e resposta a incêndios.

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Dhanya Bulla

Climate modelling | Environment Restoration | Flood estimations | Carbon footprint check out my Instagram page @green_future_2035
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After a fire, GIS analyzes the extent of damage, helping in recovery and restoration efforts by identifying areas needing immediate attention.GIS also overlays remote sensing data with other datasets (e.g., population density, infrastructure, biodiversity) to assess the vulnerability of different areas to fire, identifying the most at-risk zones. The Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) measures burn severity by comparing pre- and post-fire reflectance in near-infrared and shortwave-infrared bands, identifying areas most affected by fire.

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4 Fire vulnerability assessment

Fire vulnerability assessment is the process of evaluating the potential impacts and damages of fire on the exposed elements, such as people, infrastructure, or wildlife. It depends on the exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of these elements. Remote sensing and GIS can help with fire vulnerability assessment by providing data on these elements and creating fire vulnerability maps. For example, remote sensing can detect the extent and severity of fire using the normalized burn ratio (NBR), which compares the reflectance of near-infrared and shortwave-infrared bands before and after fire. GIS can overlay NBR data with other data, such as population density, land use, or biodiversity, to estimate fire losses and identify vulnerable areas.

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5 Fire detection and mapping

Fire detection and mapping is the process of identifying and locating active fires and their boundaries. It is crucial for fire suppression and emergency response. Remote sensing and GIS can help with fire detection and mapping by providing near-real-time data on fire hotspots and perimeters. For example, remote sensing can use thermal infrared sensors to detect the heat and smoke of fire. GIS can use algorithms and models to map fire spread and direction based on wind speed, fuel type, and terrain.

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Thomas Grübler

Chief Strategy Officer & Co-founder @ OroraTech <> Thermal Intelligence for a sustainable Earth
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Satellite-based wildfire detection and mapping are becoming increasingly important. Already today, remote areas are trusting space data for situational awareness and early detection. With the upcoming thermal-infrared sensing constellations, real-time in-space edge computing, and AI, we are heading towards a space-based live map with accurate wildfire perimeters and spread predictions.

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6 Fire monitoring benefits

Using remote sensing and GIS for fire monitoring can provide a range of benefits for environmental management and decision-making. This includes providing consistent, accurate, and comprehensive data on fire risk and vulnerability, as well as enhancing early warning and alert systems for fire prevention and preparedness. Additionally, it can support fire suppression and emergency response by providing timely and updated information on fire location and behavior. Fire impacts and recovery can be evaluated by assessing fire severity and damage, while fire policies and planning can be improved by identifying fire-prone and vulnerable areas. Remote sensing and GIS are valuable tools for forest fire monitoring that can help you understand the causes, consequences, and dynamics of fire. If you want to learn more about how to use these tools for this purpose, you can check out some online courses or resources that teach the basics and applications.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Thomas Grübler

Chief Strategy Officer & Co-founder @ OroraTech <> Thermal Intelligence for a sustainable Earth
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A wide range of technologies needs to be combined to provide accurate and timely data. Technology providers of ground-based smoke sensors, lightning-strike sensors, camera drones, aircraft, LEO satellites, and GEO satellites need to work together to meet the specific needs of each location.

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How can remote sensing and GIS help monitor forest fire risk and vulnerability?

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1 Remote sensing basics

2 GIS basics

3 Fire risk assessment

4 Fire vulnerability assessment

5 Fire detection and mapping

6 Fire monitoring benefits

7 Here’s what else to consider

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