To support procurement digitalization and automation, there are many tools and solutions available, such as e-procurement platforms, e-sourcing platforms, e-contracting platforms, e-invoicing platforms, and e-catalogs. E-procurement platforms are online systems that enable end-to-end procurement processes, from requisition to payment, and integrate with other systems, such as ERP, CRM, or accounting. E-sourcing platforms enable sourcing activities, such as supplier discovery, evaluation, selection, and negotiation, and support various sourcing methods, such as auctions, reverse auctions, or RFx. E-contracting platforms enable contract creation, execution, management, and renewal, and support various contract types, such as purchase orders, service level agreements, or framework agreements. E-invoicing platforms enable invoice creation, submission, validation, approval, and payment, and support various invoice formats, such as PDF, XML, or EDI. Lastly, e-catalogs are online databases that contain information about products or services offered by suppliers, such as specifications, prices, or availability, and enable easy ordering and comparison.