How can lifecycle analysis identify inefficiencies in sustainable production?

It is critical to ensure your LCA is reflecting a circular model, i.e. cradle to cradle rather than cradle to grave. However, this should still represent realistic scenarios for the markets that are relevant for your LCA - if your pack or product is not recyclable, then cradle to cradle is not appropriate. Defining clear boundaries is critical.

LCA can help you to measure the environmental performance of various product and supply chain configurations, e.g., sourcing materials locally versus importing them from abroad. Consider ‘multi-cycling’ in your LCA, where products and materials are not just used once and then discarded but are instead used multiple times through processes like recycling, remanufacturing, or repurposing.

It’s important to remember that the goal and scope can be modified during the course of LCA as data are collected and new information is revealed. Also, be aware of the uncertainty and over-interpretation of your results. All measurements have some degree of uncertainty, and it’s important to acknowledge this in your interpretation. Similarly, don't place too much emphasis on small differences in results that may not be statistically significant. Understand the limitations of your data and don't draw conclusions that go beyond what the data can support.

When choosing LCA software, consider the following features: Ease of Use: prioritise user-friendly interfaces. Functionality: ensure it provides the features you need. Data Quality: verify access to high-quality, up-to-date Life Cycle Inventory data. Cost: consider your budget, including separate database purchases. Support & training: check if support and training are provided. Trial Version: test it with a free trial before purchasing. Cloud-based or download: consider which is best for your needs. Compliance: ensure adherence to recognised LCA methodologies and standards like ISO 14040, ISO 14044, PAS 2050, or GHG Protocol.

In the realm of Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), for instance, a company might use LCA to compare the environmental impact of different packaging options. They could compare the impact of using plastic, glass, or cardboard packaging for a product at all stages of the packaging’s life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal or recycling.

Conducting LCAs of products can better position organisations for compliance with regulations such as the EU's REACH, EUDR, CSRD, and the upcoming CSDDD by demonstrating due diligence in sustainability practices, e.g., showing that products are ‘deforestation-free’.

LCA is not the only tool for analysing impacts, and it often misses critical social, reputational, and policy risk factors. Use a holistic Impact Analysis methodology with LCA as one component to ensure you are designing with all impacts in mind.